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Discuss any 3 functions of operating systems.(9 marks)2. Discuss any 3 :: Computer Science

Talk about any 3 elements of working systems.(9 marks)2. Talk about any 3 factors influencing the decision of a working systems.(9 marks)3. Talk about the accompanying sorts of working systems.„㠏 Multi entrusting Task 9 1. Talk about any 3 elements of working frameworks. (9 imprints) 2. Talk about any 3 components influencing the decision of a working frameworks. (9 imprints) 3. Talk about the accompanying sorts of working frameworks. - Multi entrusting - Multi handling - Multi client - Real time (12 imprints) 1. 3 elements of working frameworks are: a) Manage the PC assets, for example, focal handling unit, memory, plate drives and printer. At the end of the day it acts like a interpreter which permits the application programming to speak with the PC equipment. b) Caretaker which ensuring that date is spared in the opportune spot, programs are stacked into memory appropriately and that the PC's documenting framework is totally maintained in control. c) Execute and offer types of assistance for applications programming in other words as framework instruments (programs) used to screen PC execution, troubleshoot issues, or keep up portions of the framework. A lot of libraries or capacities which projects may use to perform explicit assignments particularly identifying with interfacing with PC framework segments. 2. 3 variables influencing the decision of a working framework are as follow: a) Choice of processor and equipment for instance if server machine is a Sun PC at that point will be compelled to utilize Solaris which is Sun's variant of UNIX. b) An equipment or programming convention, contained in the gadgets of the circle controller and plate drive, that deals with the trading of information between the drive and PC. The most widely recognized interfaces for little PC frameworks are AT (IDE) and SCSI. c) Compatibility of PC systems types including LANs and WANs, for instance UNIX and Window NT are typically use to turn into the centralized server of WANs organizing framework. 3. a)Multi entrusting - In a performing multiple tasks working framework where different projects can be running simultaneously, the working framework figures out which applications should run in what request and how a lot time ought to be took into consideration every application before giving another application a turn. Instances of performing multiple tasks working framework are UNIX and Window 2000. b)Multi handling - A working framework fit for supporting and using more than one PC processor for instance Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000. c)Multi client - A multi client working framework takes into consideration numerous clients

How to Apply BCG Matrix to Your Company

How to Apply BCG Matrix to Your Company © Shutterstock.com | stockphotoatinatIn this article, we will look at 1) what is the BCG Matrix, 2) understanding the BCG Matrix, 3) how to apply BCG Matrix to your company, and 4) some  examples.WHAT IS THE BCG MATRIX?The BCG matrix was created by Bruce D. Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970. This chart was created with the purpose of helping companies analyze their different business units or product lines. The analysis helps these companies to allocate resources where they are most appropriate as well as to use the results in brand marketing, product management, strategic management, and portfolio analyses.The chart is a graphical planning tool, where the company’s products and services can be plotted to help make key business decisions. These decisions include whether to keep a particular business unit, sell it or to invest more in it. The y-axis of the graph represents rate of market growth while the x-axis represents market share.The matrix helps add input to t he decision making process but does not take into account all possible factors that a company may face. The tool is not predictive and also doesn’t take into account any new or disruptive products that may enter and change the market, nor does it account for shifts in consumer demand.UNDERSTANDING THE MATRIXThe chart or graph is divided into four categories. These are the cows, the dogs, the stars and the unknowns. A product line of a business unit is plotted based on its relative market share and rate of growth in the market and falls within one of these categories.1) The Cash CowsThe product lines that fall within this category enjoy a large share of the market in a slow-growing industry. This means that they are able to generate revenues in greater amounts than the investment required to maintain their business. The product line may be considered boring and settled in a mature market, with the company holding it to continue to generate revenues. The company will attempt to milk these as much as possible with as little investment as possible.2) The DogsThe dogs are those product lines or business units that have a smaller market share in a mature and slow-growing industry. Usually, these product lines manage to earn what is put into them, breaking-even and maintaining the market share. Generally this unit is largely worthless to the company in terms of earning potential but may afford other benefits to the company such as the creation of jobs as well as synergies that assist other business units. These benefits may be enough for the company to keep this business unit active despite its less than exciting position. However, dogs can negatively affect how investors judge the management of a company and it is suggested that these product lines be sold off.3) The StarsAs the name makes clear, stars are those business units that have a large market share in a fast-growing industry. These product lines have a clearly visible market or niche leading path and requ ire large amounts of funding to ensure that they can fight of competitors and maintain their growth rate. Companies aim to turn stars into their next cash cows with the inevitable decline in the growth of the industry. This can happen potentially if they are able to maintain their position as a market leader. If this does not happen, then stars can turn into dogs.4) The UnknownsThe unknowns (also called question marks or problem children) are those business units that have a smaller market share in a high-growth market. This is where most businesses will start from and at this point the business unit has the potential to grow market share and turn into a star or lose further marker share and turn into dogs when the growth of the market itself declines. Careful study and analysis is required for business units in this category to assess their potential and worth. If any potential is seen then further investment can be made into them.The natural cycle for most products in that they be gin their life as question marks and turn into stars as their position clarifies. When the market growth slows down, they turn into cash cows and at the end of the cycle, the cash cow turns into a dog. According to the Boston Consulting Group, a diversified company with a balanced portfolio is in the ideal position to use its strengths to capitalize on its growth opportunities and potential. A balanced portfolio is one which has:Stars to assure future successCash cows to bring in funds for future growth Question marks that can be turned into the next stars with some attention and investmentThe AxesOn either side of the grid is an indicator marked on the axis. The idea that prompted this grid as a while was the need to manage cash flows. The model assumes that one of the main indicators for cash generation is relative market share and the one for cash usage was the market growth rate.Relative Market Share A higher market share means higher cash return. The reason behind the selectio n of this metric is based on its relationship with the experience curve. The belief is that when the company produces more products, it benefits from higher economies of scale and the experience curve which in turn result in higher profits. The market share is measured relative to its largest competitor. Another reason for the selection is that this indicator carries more information than just cash flows as is the case in profits. It shows the brand’s position in relation to major competitors and a likely indication for the future.Market Growth Rate A higher market growth rate means more earnings and often profits. On the other hand, it also means a higher consumption of cash as investment to stimulate future growth. This investment is made into those products which show a good potential for continued growth and success and are expected to provide a return on investment. This matrix assumes that a higher growth rate is an indicator of accompanying demands for investment. The mark et growth rate provides more information about the brand position than just the cash flow and is a good indicator of the strength of the market and its future potential as well as attractiveness to more competitors.HistoryThe BCG Matrix is named after the Boston Consulting Group, a global management consulting firm. The company has 81 offices in 45 countries and is one of the Big Three management consulting firms. The company was founded by Bruce D Henderson, an alumnus of Vanderbilt University and Harvard Business School. He was recruited by McKinsey and it is here that he founded the Boston Consulting Group. Henderson developed the famous BCG matrix in 1968. According to the BCG, Henderson told clients the following:“The payoff for leadership [in market share] is very high indeed, if it is achieved early and maintained until growth slows. Investment in market share during the growth phase can be very attractive, if you have the cash. Growth in market is compounded by growth in s hare. Increases in share increase the profit margin. The return in investment is enormous. “LimitationsThere are some limitations to the use of this popular matrix as well. These limitations mean a decline in the once extensive use of this tool. These include:Market growth is one of many factors that determine industry attractiveness and relative market share is only one of many factors that determine competitive advantage. This matrix does not take into account any other factors that may have a bearing on both industry attractiveness and competitive advantage.There is an underlying assumption that the business units are operating in isolation in relation to each other. In reality, a dog may be helping another unit gain a competitive advantage for example.The definition of a market is taken in the broad sense. This fails to take into account different situations such as a business unit that is dominating a niche but is overall less dominant in the larger industry. The way a market is defined in such an instance may change its definition from a dog to a cash cow.HOW TO APPLY BCG MATRIX TO YOUR BUSINESSTo be successful, a company should have a portfolio of products with different growth rates and different market shares. The portfolio composition is a function of the balance between cash flows. High growth products require cash inputs to grow. Low growth products should generate excess cash. Both kinds are needed simultaneously. Bruce HendersonPractical Use TipsThe BCG matrix can be useful to companies if applied using the following general steps.Step 1 â€" Choose the Unit.  Strategic Business Units, individual brands, product lines or the firm as a whole are all areas that can be analyzed using the BCG matrix. The chosen unit drives the entire analysis and key definitions. The market, industry, competitors and position will all be based on the chosen unit.Step 2 â€" Define the Market.  Following the choice of the unit or area to be analyzed, the most importa nt stage for the rest of the matrix is the definition of the market. An incorrectly defined market will lead to an incorrect classification of the unit. A Mercedes-Benz analyzed in a passenger vehicle market will be a dog with a small market share. However, analyzed within a luxury car market, it will be a cash cow.Step 3 â€" Calculate Relative Market Share.  At this stage, the relative market share for the chosen unit needs to be calculated. This can be done in terms or revenues or marker share. The formula used here us a division of the selected brand’s market share or revenues by the market share or revenues of the biggest competitor in the industry. The result in plotted on the x-axis.Step 4 â€" Calculate Market Growth Rate.  Online industry reports can be used to find the rate of growth for the industry. If this is not possible, then it can be estimated by looking at the average revenue growth of the leading firms in the industry. This measurement is a percentage and is plott ed on the y-axis.Step 5 â€" Draw Circles on the Matrix.  Once all the measures are calculated, they can be put onto the matrix. This can be done by drawing a circle for each brand within a unit, or all the brands in a company. The size of each circle should correspond to business revenue generated by the brand.EXAMPLESNestleAccording to an analysis posted here, the BCG matrix analysis for Nestle reveals some interesting perspectives. A global multinational in the food and beverage industry, the Swiss company is the 69th highest revenue producer in the world. Over 8000 brands fall within its umbrella and are as widespread as bottled water and pet food. The company announced plans to sell off under-performing brands which were consistently showing poor sales. This analysis used the 2002 annual report for its figures which can be found here.Question Marks Here, the question marks have a low market share within a high growth market. The product mentioned here requires an influx of inve stment to capitalize on potential segments. This investment is however, not likely to yield too much return investment.Stars These brands have a high share in a high growth market. Nestle’s varied mineral water is in this quadrant. The brands in this are require investment to maintain their position and differentiation in both mature and emerging markets.Dogs The Nestle products in this category have a lower market share in a low growth market. An example of this is a lean cuisine unit and weight loss management brands which did not take off outside the US. A sports performance and nutrition brand called PowerBar is also confirmed to be divested by the company most likely due to poor sales in a saturated market. These products generate enough revenue to sustain themselves but are not exciting not major sources of revenues.Cash Cows These brands are important because of their cash generating potential. This means that they have a higher market share in a slow-growth industry. Ve ry little investment is needed by these brands and funds generated from them are used to fuel Stars or Question Marks.

Concept Usage And Professional Practice Model - 805 Words

Concept Usage and Professional Practice Model I work at the Marshfield Clinic Ambulatory Surgical Center. My department is one of many at the Marshfield Clinic. The purpose of this paper is to analysis the professional practice model used at the Marshfield clinic. Prior to doing this research I was not aware that there was a nursing practice model being emphasized. I will analyze our model, organizational definition, values and mission and modify them in a way that makes this model of practice clearly defined. The Marshfield clinic provides an organizational definition. The Marshfield clinic care team work hard to become your health care choice. This is achieved through affordable, valuable health care diminishing the weight of illness, and disability of your family and the community. (Marshfield Clinic, 2015). According to the Marshfield clinic (2015), â€Å"The mission of Marshfield clinic is to serve patients through accessible, high quality health care, research and education† (para 1.) The vision statement of the Marshfield clinic reflects this mission. According to the Marshfield clinic (2015), â€Å"Marshfield clinic will be the trusted and preferred system for quality health care that is evidence based, integrated and cost-effective. We will improve the health of the patients and communities we serve† (para. 2). The Marshfield clinics professional practice model is the patient-centered care delivery model (Marshfield Clinic, 2015). For this paper I will focus on a singleShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Azure College A Nursing Institution1159 Words   |  5 PagesConcept Usage in a Professional Practice Model Nursing career is one of the most respectful professions not only in the United States but also around the world. The remarkable aspect that makes nursing in such position is the evolution of the nursing theorists, the nursing theories, and the nursing philosophy. Among of these three, the nursing philosophy is the one that really identifies the nursing mission, and the fundamental evidence-based practice of nursing. In this case, many health organizationsRead MoreLearning in a Culture of Change Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe school curriculum models should have essential components, which must be in place to guide instruction. With accountability looming and additional demands, such as concurrent curriculum development and curricular innovation, the design can create great teaching and learning. The one room schoolhouse was easier to decide what to teach. According to Thorndike (1910), educational aims are clearer using psychology ideas such as culture or discipline, knowled ge or skills which contributes a betterRead MoreLateral Violence As A Non Physical Act1368 Words   |  6 Pagesextend exterior to the place of work and can be perpetrated individually or in cyberspace. Within the nursing community, lateral violence is described as aggression behaviors amongst nurses. The most common forms of lateral violence in the nursing practice include: undermining actions, withholding information, interference, backbiting, incrimination, backstabbing, broken confidences, and failure to respect the privacy of another person. Workplace conflict leads to adverse impacts on registered nursesRead MoreEssay Codependency should be a Medical Diagnosis803 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences for the practice of psychotherapy. On one hand, the popular usage of the term has been helpful in raising public awareness regarding the complex interrelationships that transpire within American families. On the other hand, widespread usage of the term has resulted in misunderstandi ng and misuse of the concept by the general public, as well as some imprecision in its usage by mental health professional† (Ponzetti, 2003). Often because codependency is hard to diagnose, professional counselors lookRead MoreConcept Analysis Of Satisfaction For Breast Cancer Patients1608 Words   |  7 PagesConcept Analysis of Satisfaction in Breast Cancer Patients Patient satisfaction is a necessary aspect to gauge the value of care that is provided by hospitals, clinical settings, and inpatient and outpatient facilities. These types of facilities attempt to maintain a high level of satisfaction in order to remain a contender amongst similar facilities in the healthcare marketplace. 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Assumptions Concurring to this model, I want to share some information: Facilitator and newcomer nurses need to change their thoughts and feelings so they can create conversation that is more productive and creates less defensiveness to act with reliability in a given environmentRead More Social Constructivism Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesTeacher training and input in their personal view points on technology integration professional learning experiences are essential for constructive changes (So Kim, 2009). Teacher training and point of views through the social constructivism (SC) theory can create opportunities to provide hands-on learning and enables students to access electronic books, study, review, research or explore through SC concept (Zucker King, 2009). Ryu, Parsons, Li, Sheng Javed (2009) found that the antidoteRead MorePurnell Model: a View on Asian Indian Culture Values. Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In this paper I will be identifying beliefs and values common to my family of origin. I will be using Purnells Model of cultural competency and will explain the major assumptions of the model in relevance to my culture. The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a quick overview of the Asian Indian culture. One must be aware of their own culture and the culture of others in order to offer competent and culturally sensitive care and understand how their cultural beliefs may

Gillespie s Theory Of The Civil Rights Movement - 1209 Words

In Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-racial Black Leadership, Andra Gillespie argues that there has been a transformation when it comes to black leaders when looking at Generation X. Gillespie has created a three-dimension model. These typologies are what Gillespie calls â€Å"Third Phrase Black Politicians† in which is a â€Å"wave characterized by ambitus politicians with more moderate politics† (13). These leaders will not have as many racialized political views and movements like the previous generation such as the Civil Rights movement. Gillespie analyzes the different leadership types using a multidimensional model such as if the individual has crossover appeal, ties to the black establishment, and perceived trajectory. The typologies are broken down into eight different types such as the Ivy League upstarts, Local Kids Made Goods, Rebrands of their parents, Deracialized sequels, chips off the old block, New â€Å"Old standard Bearers, New Activists, and Rebel s without a chance. This critical review will be to apply Gillespie’s typology to Harold Ford Jr., Artur Davis, Cory Booker, Marion Barry, Jesse Jackson Jr., Michael Steele, and Tim Scott, who are Black politicians that have similar and different backgrounds. To understand Gillespie typologies there must be an understanding of the multidimensional model that is use to analyze the typologies. In addition, Gillespie typology goes much deeper because it help us understand how sometimes to be successful you have to have bothShow MoreRelatedRoles of Comparative Law to Legal Interpretation and Application5207 Words   |  21 Pagesother tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or  facts). Whereas, in civil law systems, the legislature in associate with the other authorities (such as: the parliament, the government, ministry of justice,†¦) have the jurisdiction of legal interpretation and application the Law, in this systems, except some special cases, they don’t get much appreciations on the Precedent. (In Vietnamese Civil code 2005, to the Art.3: Application of practices, analogy of law In cases where itRead MoreGlobalization or Glocalisation? Networks, Territories and Rescaling12782 Words   |  52 Pagesstruggle in which a key arena is the reconï ¬ guration of spatial scale, or the arenas around which socio-spatial power choreographies are enacted and performed (Swyngedouw 1997a; 1997b; 2000a) (I conceive scalar conï ¬ gurations either as regulatory order(s) or as networks, whereby ‘regulatory order’ refers to geographical-institutional arrangements (like states, regional/local forms of governance, or transnational organisations like the European Union), while ‘networks’ refer to the spatial or geographicalRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, a nd Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIonRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesAptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108

A Review of Abstract Research Paper

A Review of Abstract Research Paper The Most Popular Abstract Research Paper Check with your professor to see which sort of abstract is needed for your assignment. The presence of basic errors in the abstract may not make a difference in your content, but it may dissuade someone from reading your complete study. Even though the abstract goes at the commencement of your manuscript, it doesn't merely introduce your research topic (that is the work of the title), but summarizes your whole paper. Writing the genuine abstract can be somewhat trickier though. The Dirty Facts on Abstract Research Paper Visual aids are among the best methods to produce your poster visually striking, and they're often a good way to communicate complex information straightforwardly and succinctly. Abstract for a research paper is the very first portion of a study that is written before the introduction to be able to present the core idea of the entire work to its readers. Better still, have somebody who knows nothing about your research take a peek at it that way you can be certain to have hit the right degree of assuming no prior understanding. Have in mind, your research is already pretty complicated. The Birth of Abstract Research Paper Review abstract is a quick overview of a whole analytical project. Tables and Figures are prohibited. Abstract Research Paper - Overview It's also essential to note that the abstract must not include information not included in the research paper. An abstract has to be submitted. To be able to succinctly describe your whole paper, you'll need to ascertain which elements are the most essential. The aim of your abstract is to supply a brief yet thorough breakdown of your paper. There is truly a third type of abstract critical. In the instance of a lengthier work, it might be far less. Descriptive Abstract A descriptive abstract indicates the kind of information found in the job. A descriptive abstract indicates the kind of informat ion found in the job. For those referees, and the few readers who would like to read past the abstract, the abstract sets the tone for the remaining portion of the paper. Only a reader with a rather specific interest in the topic of the paper, and a need to understand it thoroughly, will read the whole paper. The abstract is the sole portion of the paper a prospective referee sees when he is invited by means of an editor to review a manuscript. Its objective is to tell the reader what to anticipate from the complete paper. Getting the Best Abstract Research Paper Writing similar data and data put into the principal portion of the analytical work is impractical. Any new information shouldn't be introduced here. Use the following as a checklist to be certain you have included all the crucial content in your abstract. Instead, the primary aim of an abstract is to filter info. Most article databases in the internet catalog of the library allow you to search abstracts. When there isn't a necessary format, you will need to pick from one of two possible kinds of abstracts. In case you're new to graphical abstracts, I advise you to start with reading what's a graphical abstract. The abstract is the sole portion of the paper that readers see when they search through electronic databases including PubMed. So How About Abstract Research Paper? While a number of them are a bit more technical than others, all of them follow the fundamental rules of what it requires to compose a decent abstract. In the event the research isn't complete yet, you can consist of preliminary effects or theory about the possible outcome. An abstract may function as a stand-alone entity as a substitute for a complete paper. An abstract allows one to sift through copious quantities of papers for ones where the researcher can have more confidence that they'll be relevant to their research. Abstracts make that process more manageable by succinctly summarizing the paper in order for the researcher can earn a decision in minutes instead of hours. Not only do you clearly establish what you plan to accomplish in your research, but it's also wise to incorporate a declaration of what the study doesn't mean to cover. Should you do, the abstract won't be considered for presentation. Selections for presentation are created by the Research and Scientific Affairs Committee dependent on the scientific merit and the standard of the writing. If you must compose an abstract, it's not any reason to panic in any respect. The very first point to remember is that your abstract doesn't require a particular flow. The controlling idea explains exactly how you'll speak about the home topic. Besides some elements your abstract has to contain, there are a few things you ought to avoid.

Theory in education Essay Example

Theory in education Essay Running head: COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION CAST PROGRAM Abstract Guided by four principles Respect and Value all Individuals, Educate by Integrating Theory and Practice, Advocate for Access to a Socially Just Education, Lead in Order to Facilitate Transformation, the Loyola Marymount University (LMU) (2009) Education department has developed a structured curriculum by which teachers learn and are able to make an impact in our world today. The theories and foundational principles of education, as well as how those principles were shared provided me with an incredible perspective on learning and education. This paper discusses the elements of learning and describes ways to apply those elements to instruction to create truly active learning. Keywords: theories, education, language acquisition It is the Journey, not the destination, a quote attributed mostly to Ralph Waldo Emerson, succinctly expresses the road to achieving my Masters of Education at Loyola Marymount University (LMU). Fondly, I review each forward step built upon the next and the unexpected challenges faced on a Journey of self-discovery of my chosen profession. The Journey is central to the travels and the circumstances faced, ach making me stronger and better equipped to face the challenges in my future. Holly, Archar and Kasten (2004) utilize Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz (1900) and her Journey down the yellow brick road to illustrate the process and Journey of action research, which can also broadly describe the educational road. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory in education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theory in education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theory in education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They described the human understanding and community and also succinctly states, what I feel to be the foundation of the Loyola Marymount education, We need reach students where they are, demands that one find a different way of thinking about education, scholarship and students. The CAST program represents that very thing to me, it is a program designed to meet the Catholic school educator where he/ she is and further develops the educator in theory and practice. As the CAST Cohort attended classes and absorbed the knowledge of the LMIJ professors, we too, found a different way of thinking. Holly, Archar and Kasten (2004) state, Fixing what is wrong in the past will never bring us our imagined future The educational scholars life is one of commitment to realizing ones aspirations, and thus to continual inquiry and growth -bringing light to darkness and learning from darkness to light (p. ). Education illuminates the dark areas and shines the light on the sparkling places, which gives insight into what we are doing right. Catch them doing it right! is one of my personal philosophies to education, and should also be part of my own introspective Journey. My Journey at LMIJ began in the early 2000s, with the inception of the Masters Program of Catholic Inclusion. I earned a Certificate of Inclusion, but sadly, left the teaching profession before I achieved my masters degree. Earning a masters has been a goal of mine, so when I returned to teaching again, I made it a priority to do so. My renewed Journey began again with the CAST Program and Professor McGarry. Professor McGarry introduced Dr. Stephen Krashens Monitor Model (Krashen, Theories of Second Language Acquisition Binder, p. 9) with five hypotheses for second language acquisition, which profoundly influenced my classroom (that semester) and for years to come. Krashen theorized, we learn a second language in much the same way we learn our first language (Wright, p. 38). He developed five hypotheses, The acquisition, The natural order, The monitor hypotheses, The input (comprehension) hypotheses, The affective filter (p. 8-39) to support second language acquisition, based on No am Chomskys first language acquisition theory. Further, Krashens fourth and fifth hypotheses states, student learning takes place when there is Comprehensible Input and Affective Filter (Wright p. 38). Simply put, students need understandable information in a low stress environment to learn effectively. This theory extends beyond the ELL student and crosses the classification boundaries for all learners, directly into my own classroom. Through classroom demonstration, Professor McGarry related the theory and the effects of learning a second language felt first hand. He demonstrated comprehensible input lessons including, imitation writing, the natural approach lesson with the story of El Gato and El Raton, SDAIE strategies, a TPR lesson in the Bahasa language, Just to name a few. Professor McGarry stands out in the cadre of professors as one who continually demonstrated best practice lessons for each class. One such best practice demonstration in class focused on the Total Physical Response (TPR) while also utilizing the Natural Approach. In this lesson, Professor McGarry demonstrated TPR when he taught the class eight words in Bahasa, the language of Indonesia. Understanding the words became a simple task through the TPR and Natural Approach strategies. While learning any new skill I feel an excitement and thrill in the acquisition of knowledge. The TPR method, employed by Professor McGarry, struck me significantly, of ELL students. Conversely, my stress at absorbing the foreign language in a short amount of time, revealed an insight into my students minds when their eyes glaze over with a blank expression as I speak in math language. The anxiety I felt at the bombardment of foreign vocabulary on my brain, quickly dissipated once l, along with my classmates, pantomimed the words as a group. In the group setting, I felt less fear of failure and less pressure about making a mistake. As I experienced these lessons, the Monitor Model became a reality for me and therefore will continue to impact my teaching. Understanding first hand, the stress that English language learners face, a stress that all students may feel in the classroom at some time, I have a new understanding of the block to learning that stress can present. According to MasloWs Hierarchy of Needs, a person must first have basic needs met, then safety, belonging, esteem and ultimately, self actualization in that order. Stress creates insecurity in the classroom, and for that moment places a student on the bottom tier of the pyramid, where he/ she, has not yet achieved security. TPR greatly reduced the stress I felt in the classroom, like learning to crawl before Jalan (walking). Utilizing TPR in the classroom will allow my students to retain a greater amount of information and feel less stress (and hopefully have some fun) while learning. As the Journey continued and my students affective filter lowered, Dr. Colin presented Critical Pedagogy, a theory based on the work, philosophy, the teachings and writings of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire. Freires interest in education as a vehicle to confront oppression helped bring about a following of people who promote the philosophy of critical pedagogy. Critical pedagogy, simply defined is a method of teaching (pedagogy) that strives to help students observe and learn using critical thinking approach especially as it concerns oppression of a people (Colin, 2012) . This theory of education and curriculum building adds meaningful input into the classroom instantaneously. Children, by design, are curious beings. When Friere spoke of being curious, later in life, of what death might be like, it struck a cord with me. I think that we, as teachers, have a responsibility to nurture the curiosity and allow and encourage our students to explore (Smith, 2002). As my educational Journey continued, the Sociocultural Theory, based on the work of Russian social psychologist, Lev Wgotsky, put all the pieces in perspective. He brought the role of culture, language and interpersonal interactions into psychology. He studied children at play and in the classroom. Major tenets of the theory include: Children construct their learning and build on their prior knowledge. Human development cannot be separate from the people we encounter and those who give s examples of how to be in the world, our social environment. Our lived experiences make a difference in our learning. Language plays a central role in mental development. Meaningful dialogue matters. Learning is social Language is central to cognition This takes place in the classroom through various SADAIE lessons and having an understanding of need to teach t he student how to learn. Zone of Proximal Development (ZoPed) o Help from a more competent other. knowledge Constructivism (constructs meaningful lessons and purposeful activities) o Active Learning (Ugotsky, 1978) Based on this theory, the larger picture is our business as teachers to create conditions for learning. Because, as Dr. Colin said, Teachers cannot transfer their brains into student (Colin, 2012) Teachers must scaffold the material meeting the student where they are and creating a path to discovery. Meeting a student where they are takes an understanding the students sociocultural context. First a teacher must know where the student is, in order to meet them there. I try to get to as many student functions as possible. This year, I have seen my students play football, olleyball, basketball, perform in the talent show and many other functions. I sit with parents and make small talk, Just to get to know the students frame of reference (Colin, 2012). Along similar lines of the Sociocultural Theory of Lev Wgotsky, ones definition of the purpose of education will be based on his/her sociocultural upbringing and the context of her own life. For this reason, the purpose of education is the shared viewpoint of all the stakeholders of a school. When the vision and purpose ofa school is shared and articulated and supported, the success of the school, teachers, tudents and community at large become a shared mission. Historically, education has been a tool to create an educated workforce, loyal patriots, or in the creation of Catholic schools, survival of the species (or more accurately the religion). Provenzo quotes Lawrence Cremin with the definition of education as, the deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to transmit, evoke or acquire knowledge, attitudes, values, skills or sensibilities, as well as any outcomes of that effort (Cremin 1976, 158) (p 30). The classroom teacher must be so much more than simply one who imparts knowledge to be digested and regurgitated. The role of the classroom teacher today has evolved to become part teacher, part therapist, peacemaker and mediator, technology coordinator, online communicator, curriculum planner, and ultimately a participant in the learning process of the student. When viewed in that manner, the role we fill as educators looms daunting when compared to the content students must know in order to make Adequate Yearly Progress and be at or proficient by grade level standards (Provenzo, 2010). The most pressing challenge to education today in the public school setting is, as my mother would say, to many cooks in the kitchen. Those who make the decisions that effect funding for public schools are not the same people who are doing the research in the field, nor are they on the ground or in the field to see the effects first hand. The growth numbers in the Accountability Progress Report set up by NCLB and those who decide these numbers, are simply a way to cheer for our failing schools. Schools celebrate the achievement when they obtain a growth number of 9, when its target number was 5. But, when the hard numbers are crunched, almost half of the students in the school may fall below the level of proficiency (California Department of Education). The reports and acronyms seem purposefully confusing so the real data of how many students fail is obscured. At the end of the day, schools important to speak to parents and community members in a language that they can understand. That students are the most important clients we have and it is their success or failure we are ultimately measured. The social agenda of lawmakers is a disadvantage to English Language Learners. Wright references, Bilingual education has been referred to as a 30 year experiment . (p. 53). Diverse languages have existed throughout the evolution of America as a ountry, yet the federal structure for the education of language learners has only subsisted for the past 30 years. Social complications have also existed throughout this evolution of our country with color (ethnic background) and language the most prominent of the impediments to unification and education. Sadly, language restrictions (education) were imposed most often for social control and not to help immigrants learn English (Wright, p. 55). Examples of such atrocities, cited by Wright, include, the establishment of English-only speaking Indian boarding schools, English roficiency as a requirement for naturalization and citizenship, and restrictions on the German language and Japanese language after World War I and II. When the social climate of the time influences language laws, the entire country losses a valuable resource. This resource, if cultivated, adds to the richness of our country as a whole, and exterminating the language by demanding English only detracts from an individuals human rights. The Funds of Knowledge Theory emerged in the early 1990s in education and derived from the sociocultural theory and constructivism based on the theories and teachings of Lev Wgotsky. Original Scholars from University of Arizona developed an approach to curriculum reform that was termed Funds of Knowledge. Funds of Knowledge states that it is important for teachers to know their students, their backgrounds, communities and the things they bring to the classrooms. This theory is the opposite of the banking model, children are not empty vessels to be filled, but already come with a wealth of knowledge to bring to the class (Gonz? ¤lez Amanti, 1992). There are many ways to implement Funds of Knowledge: coach at the school, home visits (time involved, consent), be part of community events, invite parents to he classroom, history of school, sit or play with them at lunch, create social environment, class socials, listening and dialogue, Go to church at the parish church (for Catholic educators) (Colin, 2012). Similar to the Sociocultural Theory, a teacher must know where the student is, in order to meet him/her there. So similar to the statement above, having this knowledge gives teachers the power to have a connection with their students, which allows the teacher to have a greater impact in teaching a student how to learn, instead of Just teaching content (Colin, 2012). Being part of a community comes more naturally in the Catholic School setting. Most Catholic schools are built around a parish and the community part comes naturally. This may be the reason for the incredibly high graduation rates and college acceptance and matriculation. Often, I reflect on the incredible luck, or the hand of God, as my mother would say, at guiding my life towards the positive enriching environment of Catholic school. Creating a community, or more accurately, a family in my classroom begins before the students ever set foot in the fifth grade. and call them by name. Over the summer, students create a Powerpoint resentation that includes a very simple recap of their summer. Students get up and present their summer activities to the class and through this I get a Jump on connecting with my students by learning about things that are important to them. Also, on Back to School Night, I combine all the slides and rotate them in a loop on the Active Board in the classroom. Parents come in and stand in awe of all the great pictures! Thus, another connection is made. Father Greg Boyle says, We create a kinship (Boyle, 2011). Creating kinship in the classroom brings about a connection and an understanding, instead of the division hat comes from thinking only of oneself. Although, as Catholic educators we teach respect and to love as Jesus loved, often many in our community remain ignored. In this way, it can be identified as null or hidden curriculum. This subject presents a sensitive topic in the Catholic school setting. Currently, teaching human development or sex ed is sensitive for all involved. Parents must sign a permission form to allow their children to participate in the class. When I teach this portion of the religion curriculum, I always take the time to discuss this part of sexuality and the tolerance of all human beings. Christianity is a unifying factor in my classroom, although it can also be classified as part of the diversity as well. Not all the students in my class are Catholic, and many belong to different Orthodox sects and/or various Christian churches. There are many ethnicities present in my classroom, although at first glance, the casual observer might mistake the racial make up of my class as predominantly African American. Students in my class have rich cultural backgrounds from Mexico, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Japan and different parts of America. I have coached multiple sports (but mostly volleyball and basketball) for many years. Recently, I began to coach for a private all girls middle school and high school in Brentwood. Over the past three years at this school, players I coached introduced me to their parents, sometimes their two dads or two moms, which also represents diversity beyond ethnic culture. Father Gregory Boyles call to kinship has made the focus of my classroom more about how we are alike and remain in each others Jurisdictions, rather than focusing on how we are different. In that same reference, kinship also arises from the understanding and acceptance of our differences. In this way, Freires definition f tolerance equals Boyles definition of kinship in my classroom, or at least as I aspire my classroom to be (Boyle, 2011). Technology can also represent an economic divide, which creates division once defined by train tracks in a town (Washington, 2011). Creating kinship, while meeting a student where she is, mandates we, as educators must find the common ground in which to begin. Print media is still around, but already obsolete. Newspapers, encyclopedias, magazines and books can all be accessed online. The super computer that occupied an entire floor of building is now held in the palm of a students hand, he cell phone. Technology in education is not the future. It is the now. If teachers are to meet students where they are, one will find them in front of a computer, a gaming system, texting on the phone or watching T. V. Meet the student there. The technology is no different. Earnest Hemingway is quoted as saying, It is good to have an end to Journey toward; but it is the Journey that matters, in the end. My Journey continues and the LMIJ CAST Program has been a significant part of that Journey. The theorists, professors, colleagues/classmates and textbooks have accompanied me on my journey. Although I leave the university, all the knowledge, compassion and kinship come with me. References Boyle, F. G. (2011). Tattoos on the heart: The power of boundless compassion. New York: Free Press. Colin, Dr. E. (2012, March 3, March 24, April ). Interview by C. ] Lennon. Class lecture. Chomsky, N. (2011). The noam chomsky website. Retrieved from http://www. chomsky. info/ Gonzalez, N. , Moll, L. , Amanti, C. (2005). Funds of knowledge: Theorizing practices in households, communities and classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Holly, M. L. , Arhar, J. , Kasten, W. C. (2004). Action research for teachers: Traveling the yellow brick road. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Krashen, S. (n. d. ). Monitor model. In M. Paul (Ed. ),Theories and Policies 2nd Language Acquisition Binder Oxnard: Unknown. McGarry, P. (2012, April 28). Interview by C. J. Lennon. Class lecture notes. Provenzo, E. F. J. (2010). The social frontier: A critical reader (history of schools schooling) . (Vol. 55). New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc. Smith, M. K. (1997, 2002) Paulo Freire and informal education, the encyclopedia of informal education. [http://infed. org/mobi/paulo- freire-dialogue-praxis-and- education. Retrieved: March 30, 2012] Wgotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. Mind in Society, Harvard University Press, 79-91. Retrieved from L. S. , V. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. Mind in Society, Harvard University Press, 79-91. Retrieved from http:// www. psy. cmu. edu/†siegler/vygotsky78. pdf Washington, J. (2011, January 1). For minorities, new digital divide seen. USA Today. Retrieved from http:// usatoday30. usatoday. com/tech/news/2011-01-10-minorities- online_n. htm Wright, W. (2010). Foundations for teaching english language learners: Research, theory, policy, and practice. Philadelphia: Caslon.