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Discuss any 3 functions of operating systems.(9 marks)2. Discuss any 3 :: Computer Science

Talk about any 3 elements of working systems.(9 marks)2. Talk about any 3 factors influencing the decision of a working systems.(9 marks)3. Talk about the accompanying sorts of working systems.„㠏 Multi entrusting Task 9 1. Talk about any 3 elements of working frameworks. (9 imprints) 2. Talk about any 3 components influencing the decision of a working frameworks. (9 imprints) 3. Talk about the accompanying sorts of working frameworks. - Multi entrusting - Multi handling - Multi client - Real time (12 imprints) 1. 3 elements of working frameworks are: a) Manage the PC assets, for example, focal handling unit, memory, plate drives and printer. At the end of the day it acts like a interpreter which permits the application programming to speak with the PC equipment. b) Caretaker which ensuring that date is spared in the opportune spot, programs are stacked into memory appropriately and that the PC's documenting framework is totally maintained in control. c) Execute and offer types of assistance for applications programming in other words as framework instruments (programs) used to screen PC execution, troubleshoot issues, or keep up portions of the framework. A lot of libraries or capacities which projects may use to perform explicit assignments particularly identifying with interfacing with PC framework segments. 2. 3 variables influencing the decision of a working framework are as follow: a) Choice of processor and equipment for instance if server machine is a Sun PC at that point will be compelled to utilize Solaris which is Sun's variant of UNIX. b) An equipment or programming convention, contained in the gadgets of the circle controller and plate drive, that deals with the trading of information between the drive and PC. The most widely recognized interfaces for little PC frameworks are AT (IDE) and SCSI. c) Compatibility of PC systems types including LANs and WANs, for instance UNIX and Window NT are typically use to turn into the centralized server of WANs organizing framework. 3. a)Multi entrusting - In a performing multiple tasks working framework where different projects can be running simultaneously, the working framework figures out which applications should run in what request and how a lot time ought to be took into consideration every application before giving another application a turn. Instances of performing multiple tasks working framework are UNIX and Window 2000. b)Multi handling - A working framework fit for supporting and using more than one PC processor for instance Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000. c)Multi client - A multi client working framework takes into consideration numerous clients

How to Apply BCG Matrix to Your Company

How to Apply BCG Matrix to Your Company © Shutterstock.com | stockphotoatinatIn this article, we will look at 1) what is the BCG Matrix, 2) understanding the BCG Matrix, 3) how to apply BCG Matrix to your company, and 4) some  examples.WHAT IS THE BCG MATRIX?The BCG matrix was created by Bruce D. Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970. This chart was created with the purpose of helping companies analyze their different business units or product lines. The analysis helps these companies to allocate resources where they are most appropriate as well as to use the results in brand marketing, product management, strategic management, and portfolio analyses.The chart is a graphical planning tool, where the company’s products and services can be plotted to help make key business decisions. These decisions include whether to keep a particular business unit, sell it or to invest more in it. The y-axis of the graph represents rate of market growth while the x-axis represents market share.The matrix helps add input to t he decision making process but does not take into account all possible factors that a company may face. The tool is not predictive and also doesn’t take into account any new or disruptive products that may enter and change the market, nor does it account for shifts in consumer demand.UNDERSTANDING THE MATRIXThe chart or graph is divided into four categories. These are the cows, the dogs, the stars and the unknowns. A product line of a business unit is plotted based on its relative market share and rate of growth in the market and falls within one of these categories.1) The Cash CowsThe product lines that fall within this category enjoy a large share of the market in a slow-growing industry. This means that they are able to generate revenues in greater amounts than the investment required to maintain their business. The product line may be considered boring and settled in a mature market, with the company holding it to continue to generate revenues. The company will attempt to milk these as much as possible with as little investment as possible.2) The DogsThe dogs are those product lines or business units that have a smaller market share in a mature and slow-growing industry. Usually, these product lines manage to earn what is put into them, breaking-even and maintaining the market share. Generally this unit is largely worthless to the company in terms of earning potential but may afford other benefits to the company such as the creation of jobs as well as synergies that assist other business units. These benefits may be enough for the company to keep this business unit active despite its less than exciting position. However, dogs can negatively affect how investors judge the management of a company and it is suggested that these product lines be sold off.3) The StarsAs the name makes clear, stars are those business units that have a large market share in a fast-growing industry. These product lines have a clearly visible market or niche leading path and requ ire large amounts of funding to ensure that they can fight of competitors and maintain their growth rate. Companies aim to turn stars into their next cash cows with the inevitable decline in the growth of the industry. This can happen potentially if they are able to maintain their position as a market leader. If this does not happen, then stars can turn into dogs.4) The UnknownsThe unknowns (also called question marks or problem children) are those business units that have a smaller market share in a high-growth market. This is where most businesses will start from and at this point the business unit has the potential to grow market share and turn into a star or lose further marker share and turn into dogs when the growth of the market itself declines. Careful study and analysis is required for business units in this category to assess their potential and worth. If any potential is seen then further investment can be made into them.The natural cycle for most products in that they be gin their life as question marks and turn into stars as their position clarifies. When the market growth slows down, they turn into cash cows and at the end of the cycle, the cash cow turns into a dog. According to the Boston Consulting Group, a diversified company with a balanced portfolio is in the ideal position to use its strengths to capitalize on its growth opportunities and potential. A balanced portfolio is one which has:Stars to assure future successCash cows to bring in funds for future growth Question marks that can be turned into the next stars with some attention and investmentThe AxesOn either side of the grid is an indicator marked on the axis. The idea that prompted this grid as a while was the need to manage cash flows. The model assumes that one of the main indicators for cash generation is relative market share and the one for cash usage was the market growth rate.Relative Market Share A higher market share means higher cash return. The reason behind the selectio n of this metric is based on its relationship with the experience curve. The belief is that when the company produces more products, it benefits from higher economies of scale and the experience curve which in turn result in higher profits. The market share is measured relative to its largest competitor. Another reason for the selection is that this indicator carries more information than just cash flows as is the case in profits. It shows the brand’s position in relation to major competitors and a likely indication for the future.Market Growth Rate A higher market growth rate means more earnings and often profits. On the other hand, it also means a higher consumption of cash as investment to stimulate future growth. This investment is made into those products which show a good potential for continued growth and success and are expected to provide a return on investment. This matrix assumes that a higher growth rate is an indicator of accompanying demands for investment. The mark et growth rate provides more information about the brand position than just the cash flow and is a good indicator of the strength of the market and its future potential as well as attractiveness to more competitors.HistoryThe BCG Matrix is named after the Boston Consulting Group, a global management consulting firm. The company has 81 offices in 45 countries and is one of the Big Three management consulting firms. The company was founded by Bruce D Henderson, an alumnus of Vanderbilt University and Harvard Business School. He was recruited by McKinsey and it is here that he founded the Boston Consulting Group. Henderson developed the famous BCG matrix in 1968. According to the BCG, Henderson told clients the following:“The payoff for leadership [in market share] is very high indeed, if it is achieved early and maintained until growth slows. Investment in market share during the growth phase can be very attractive, if you have the cash. Growth in market is compounded by growth in s hare. Increases in share increase the profit margin. The return in investment is enormous. “LimitationsThere are some limitations to the use of this popular matrix as well. These limitations mean a decline in the once extensive use of this tool. These include:Market growth is one of many factors that determine industry attractiveness and relative market share is only one of many factors that determine competitive advantage. This matrix does not take into account any other factors that may have a bearing on both industry attractiveness and competitive advantage.There is an underlying assumption that the business units are operating in isolation in relation to each other. In reality, a dog may be helping another unit gain a competitive advantage for example.The definition of a market is taken in the broad sense. This fails to take into account different situations such as a business unit that is dominating a niche but is overall less dominant in the larger industry. The way a market is defined in such an instance may change its definition from a dog to a cash cow.HOW TO APPLY BCG MATRIX TO YOUR BUSINESSTo be successful, a company should have a portfolio of products with different growth rates and different market shares. The portfolio composition is a function of the balance between cash flows. High growth products require cash inputs to grow. Low growth products should generate excess cash. Both kinds are needed simultaneously. Bruce HendersonPractical Use TipsThe BCG matrix can be useful to companies if applied using the following general steps.Step 1 â€" Choose the Unit.  Strategic Business Units, individual brands, product lines or the firm as a whole are all areas that can be analyzed using the BCG matrix. The chosen unit drives the entire analysis and key definitions. The market, industry, competitors and position will all be based on the chosen unit.Step 2 â€" Define the Market.  Following the choice of the unit or area to be analyzed, the most importa nt stage for the rest of the matrix is the definition of the market. An incorrectly defined market will lead to an incorrect classification of the unit. A Mercedes-Benz analyzed in a passenger vehicle market will be a dog with a small market share. However, analyzed within a luxury car market, it will be a cash cow.Step 3 â€" Calculate Relative Market Share.  At this stage, the relative market share for the chosen unit needs to be calculated. This can be done in terms or revenues or marker share. The formula used here us a division of the selected brand’s market share or revenues by the market share or revenues of the biggest competitor in the industry. The result in plotted on the x-axis.Step 4 â€" Calculate Market Growth Rate.  Online industry reports can be used to find the rate of growth for the industry. If this is not possible, then it can be estimated by looking at the average revenue growth of the leading firms in the industry. This measurement is a percentage and is plott ed on the y-axis.Step 5 â€" Draw Circles on the Matrix.  Once all the measures are calculated, they can be put onto the matrix. This can be done by drawing a circle for each brand within a unit, or all the brands in a company. The size of each circle should correspond to business revenue generated by the brand.EXAMPLESNestleAccording to an analysis posted here, the BCG matrix analysis for Nestle reveals some interesting perspectives. A global multinational in the food and beverage industry, the Swiss company is the 69th highest revenue producer in the world. Over 8000 brands fall within its umbrella and are as widespread as bottled water and pet food. The company announced plans to sell off under-performing brands which were consistently showing poor sales. This analysis used the 2002 annual report for its figures which can be found here.Question Marks Here, the question marks have a low market share within a high growth market. The product mentioned here requires an influx of inve stment to capitalize on potential segments. This investment is however, not likely to yield too much return investment.Stars These brands have a high share in a high growth market. Nestle’s varied mineral water is in this quadrant. The brands in this are require investment to maintain their position and differentiation in both mature and emerging markets.Dogs The Nestle products in this category have a lower market share in a low growth market. An example of this is a lean cuisine unit and weight loss management brands which did not take off outside the US. A sports performance and nutrition brand called PowerBar is also confirmed to be divested by the company most likely due to poor sales in a saturated market. These products generate enough revenue to sustain themselves but are not exciting not major sources of revenues.Cash Cows These brands are important because of their cash generating potential. This means that they have a higher market share in a slow-growth industry. Ve ry little investment is needed by these brands and funds generated from them are used to fuel Stars or Question Marks.

Concept Usage And Professional Practice Model - 805 Words

Concept Usage and Professional Practice Model I work at the Marshfield Clinic Ambulatory Surgical Center. My department is one of many at the Marshfield Clinic. The purpose of this paper is to analysis the professional practice model used at the Marshfield clinic. Prior to doing this research I was not aware that there was a nursing practice model being emphasized. I will analyze our model, organizational definition, values and mission and modify them in a way that makes this model of practice clearly defined. The Marshfield clinic provides an organizational definition. The Marshfield clinic care team work hard to become your health care choice. This is achieved through affordable, valuable health care diminishing the weight of illness, and disability of your family and the community. (Marshfield Clinic, 2015). According to the Marshfield clinic (2015), â€Å"The mission of Marshfield clinic is to serve patients through accessible, high quality health care, research and education† (para 1.) The vision statement of the Marshfield clinic reflects this mission. According to the Marshfield clinic (2015), â€Å"Marshfield clinic will be the trusted and preferred system for quality health care that is evidence based, integrated and cost-effective. We will improve the health of the patients and communities we serve† (para. 2). The Marshfield clinics professional practice model is the patient-centered care delivery model (Marshfield Clinic, 2015). For this paper I will focus on a singleShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Azure College A Nursing Institution1159 Words   |  5 PagesConcept Usage in a Professional Practice Model Nursing career is one of the most respectful professions not only in the United States but also around the world. The remarkable aspect that makes nursing in such position is the evolution of the nursing theorists, the nursing theories, and the nursing philosophy. Among of these three, the nursing philosophy is the one that really identifies the nursing mission, and the fundamental evidence-based practice of nursing. In this case, many health organizationsRead MoreLearning in a Culture of Change Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe school curriculum models should have essential components, which must be in place to guide instruction. With accountability looming and additional demands, such as concurrent curriculum development and curricular innovation, the design can create great teaching and learning. The one room schoolhouse was easier to decide what to teach. According to Thorndike (1910), educational aims are clearer using psychology ideas such as culture or discipline, knowled ge or skills which contributes a betterRead MoreLateral Violence As A Non Physical Act1368 Words   |  6 Pagesextend exterior to the place of work and can be perpetrated individually or in cyberspace. Within the nursing community, lateral violence is described as aggression behaviors amongst nurses. The most common forms of lateral violence in the nursing practice include: undermining actions, withholding information, interference, backbiting, incrimination, backstabbing, broken confidences, and failure to respect the privacy of another person. Workplace conflict leads to adverse impacts on registered nursesRead MoreEssay Codependency should be a Medical Diagnosis803 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences for the practice of psychotherapy. On one hand, the popular usage of the term has been helpful in raising public awareness regarding the complex interrelationships that transpire within American families. On the other hand, widespread usage of the term has resulted in misunderstandi ng and misuse of the concept by the general public, as well as some imprecision in its usage by mental health professional† (Ponzetti, 2003). Often because codependency is hard to diagnose, professional counselors lookRead MoreConcept Analysis Of Satisfaction For Breast Cancer Patients1608 Words   |  7 PagesConcept Analysis of Satisfaction in Breast Cancer Patients Patient satisfaction is a necessary aspect to gauge the value of care that is provided by hospitals, clinical settings, and inpatient and outpatient facilities. These types of facilities attempt to maintain a high level of satisfaction in order to remain a contender amongst similar facilities in the healthcare marketplace. 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Assumptions Concurring to this model, I want to share some information: Facilitator and newcomer nurses need to change their thoughts and feelings so they can create conversation that is more productive and creates less defensiveness to act with reliability in a given environmentRead More Social Constructivism Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesTeacher training and input in their personal view points on technology integration professional learning experiences are essential for constructive changes (So Kim, 2009). Teacher training and point of views through the social constructivism (SC) theory can create opportunities to provide hands-on learning and enables students to access electronic books, study, review, research or explore through SC concept (Zucker King, 2009). Ryu, Parsons, Li, Sheng Javed (2009) found that the antidoteRead MorePurnell Model: a View on Asian Indian Culture Values. Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In this paper I will be identifying beliefs and values common to my family of origin. I will be using Purnells Model of cultural competency and will explain the major assumptions of the model in relevance to my culture. The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a quick overview of the Asian Indian culture. One must be aware of their own culture and the culture of others in order to offer competent and culturally sensitive care and understand how their cultural beliefs may

Gillespie s Theory Of The Civil Rights Movement - 1209 Words

In Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-racial Black Leadership, Andra Gillespie argues that there has been a transformation when it comes to black leaders when looking at Generation X. Gillespie has created a three-dimension model. These typologies are what Gillespie calls â€Å"Third Phrase Black Politicians† in which is a â€Å"wave characterized by ambitus politicians with more moderate politics† (13). These leaders will not have as many racialized political views and movements like the previous generation such as the Civil Rights movement. Gillespie analyzes the different leadership types using a multidimensional model such as if the individual has crossover appeal, ties to the black establishment, and perceived trajectory. The typologies are broken down into eight different types such as the Ivy League upstarts, Local Kids Made Goods, Rebrands of their parents, Deracialized sequels, chips off the old block, New â€Å"Old standard Bearers, New Activists, and Rebel s without a chance. This critical review will be to apply Gillespie’s typology to Harold Ford Jr., Artur Davis, Cory Booker, Marion Barry, Jesse Jackson Jr., Michael Steele, and Tim Scott, who are Black politicians that have similar and different backgrounds. To understand Gillespie typologies there must be an understanding of the multidimensional model that is use to analyze the typologies. In addition, Gillespie typology goes much deeper because it help us understand how sometimes to be successful you have to have bothShow MoreRelatedRoles of Comparative Law to Legal Interpretation and Application5207 Words   |  21 Pagesother tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or  facts). Whereas, in civil law systems, the legislature in associate with the other authorities (such as: the parliament, the government, ministry of justice,†¦) have the jurisdiction of legal interpretation and application the Law, in this systems, except some special cases, they don’t get much appreciations on the Precedent. (In Vietnamese Civil code 2005, to the Art.3: Application of practices, analogy of law In cases where itRead MoreGlobalization or Glocalisation? Networks, Territories and Rescaling12782 Words   |  52 Pagesstruggle in which a key arena is the reconï ¬ guration of spatial scale, or the arenas around which socio-spatial power choreographies are enacted and performed (Swyngedouw 1997a; 1997b; 2000a) (I conceive scalar conï ¬ gurations either as regulatory order(s) or as networks, whereby ‘regulatory order’ refers to geographical-institutional arrangements (like states, regional/local forms of governance, or transnational organisations like the European Union), while ‘networks’ refer to the spatial or geographicalRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, a nd Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIonRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesAptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108

A Review of Abstract Research Paper

A Review of Abstract Research Paper The Most Popular Abstract Research Paper Check with your professor to see which sort of abstract is needed for your assignment. The presence of basic errors in the abstract may not make a difference in your content, but it may dissuade someone from reading your complete study. Even though the abstract goes at the commencement of your manuscript, it doesn't merely introduce your research topic (that is the work of the title), but summarizes your whole paper. Writing the genuine abstract can be somewhat trickier though. The Dirty Facts on Abstract Research Paper Visual aids are among the best methods to produce your poster visually striking, and they're often a good way to communicate complex information straightforwardly and succinctly. Abstract for a research paper is the very first portion of a study that is written before the introduction to be able to present the core idea of the entire work to its readers. Better still, have somebody who knows nothing about your research take a peek at it that way you can be certain to have hit the right degree of assuming no prior understanding. Have in mind, your research is already pretty complicated. The Birth of Abstract Research Paper Review abstract is a quick overview of a whole analytical project. Tables and Figures are prohibited. Abstract Research Paper - Overview It's also essential to note that the abstract must not include information not included in the research paper. An abstract has to be submitted. To be able to succinctly describe your whole paper, you'll need to ascertain which elements are the most essential. The aim of your abstract is to supply a brief yet thorough breakdown of your paper. There is truly a third type of abstract critical. In the instance of a lengthier work, it might be far less. Descriptive Abstract A descriptive abstract indicates the kind of information found in the job. A descriptive abstract indicates the kind of informat ion found in the job. For those referees, and the few readers who would like to read past the abstract, the abstract sets the tone for the remaining portion of the paper. Only a reader with a rather specific interest in the topic of the paper, and a need to understand it thoroughly, will read the whole paper. The abstract is the sole portion of the paper a prospective referee sees when he is invited by means of an editor to review a manuscript. Its objective is to tell the reader what to anticipate from the complete paper. Getting the Best Abstract Research Paper Writing similar data and data put into the principal portion of the analytical work is impractical. Any new information shouldn't be introduced here. Use the following as a checklist to be certain you have included all the crucial content in your abstract. Instead, the primary aim of an abstract is to filter info. Most article databases in the internet catalog of the library allow you to search abstracts. When there isn't a necessary format, you will need to pick from one of two possible kinds of abstracts. In case you're new to graphical abstracts, I advise you to start with reading what's a graphical abstract. The abstract is the sole portion of the paper that readers see when they search through electronic databases including PubMed. So How About Abstract Research Paper? While a number of them are a bit more technical than others, all of them follow the fundamental rules of what it requires to compose a decent abstract. In the event the research isn't complete yet, you can consist of preliminary effects or theory about the possible outcome. An abstract may function as a stand-alone entity as a substitute for a complete paper. An abstract allows one to sift through copious quantities of papers for ones where the researcher can have more confidence that they'll be relevant to their research. Abstracts make that process more manageable by succinctly summarizing the paper in order for the researcher can earn a decision in minutes instead of hours. Not only do you clearly establish what you plan to accomplish in your research, but it's also wise to incorporate a declaration of what the study doesn't mean to cover. Should you do, the abstract won't be considered for presentation. Selections for presentation are created by the Research and Scientific Affairs Committee dependent on the scientific merit and the standard of the writing. If you must compose an abstract, it's not any reason to panic in any respect. The very first point to remember is that your abstract doesn't require a particular flow. The controlling idea explains exactly how you'll speak about the home topic. Besides some elements your abstract has to contain, there are a few things you ought to avoid.

Theory in education Essay Example

Theory in education Essay Running head: COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION CAST PROGRAM Abstract Guided by four principles Respect and Value all Individuals, Educate by Integrating Theory and Practice, Advocate for Access to a Socially Just Education, Lead in Order to Facilitate Transformation, the Loyola Marymount University (LMU) (2009) Education department has developed a structured curriculum by which teachers learn and are able to make an impact in our world today. The theories and foundational principles of education, as well as how those principles were shared provided me with an incredible perspective on learning and education. This paper discusses the elements of learning and describes ways to apply those elements to instruction to create truly active learning. Keywords: theories, education, language acquisition It is the Journey, not the destination, a quote attributed mostly to Ralph Waldo Emerson, succinctly expresses the road to achieving my Masters of Education at Loyola Marymount University (LMU). Fondly, I review each forward step built upon the next and the unexpected challenges faced on a Journey of self-discovery of my chosen profession. The Journey is central to the travels and the circumstances faced, ach making me stronger and better equipped to face the challenges in my future. Holly, Archar and Kasten (2004) utilize Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz (1900) and her Journey down the yellow brick road to illustrate the process and Journey of action research, which can also broadly describe the educational road. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory in education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theory in education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theory in education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They described the human understanding and community and also succinctly states, what I feel to be the foundation of the Loyola Marymount education, We need reach students where they are, demands that one find a different way of thinking about education, scholarship and students. The CAST program represents that very thing to me, it is a program designed to meet the Catholic school educator where he/ she is and further develops the educator in theory and practice. As the CAST Cohort attended classes and absorbed the knowledge of the LMIJ professors, we too, found a different way of thinking. Holly, Archar and Kasten (2004) state, Fixing what is wrong in the past will never bring us our imagined future The educational scholars life is one of commitment to realizing ones aspirations, and thus to continual inquiry and growth -bringing light to darkness and learning from darkness to light (p. ). Education illuminates the dark areas and shines the light on the sparkling places, which gives insight into what we are doing right. Catch them doing it right! is one of my personal philosophies to education, and should also be part of my own introspective Journey. My Journey at LMIJ began in the early 2000s, with the inception of the Masters Program of Catholic Inclusion. I earned a Certificate of Inclusion, but sadly, left the teaching profession before I achieved my masters degree. Earning a masters has been a goal of mine, so when I returned to teaching again, I made it a priority to do so. My renewed Journey began again with the CAST Program and Professor McGarry. Professor McGarry introduced Dr. Stephen Krashens Monitor Model (Krashen, Theories of Second Language Acquisition Binder, p. 9) with five hypotheses for second language acquisition, which profoundly influenced my classroom (that semester) and for years to come. Krashen theorized, we learn a second language in much the same way we learn our first language (Wright, p. 38). He developed five hypotheses, The acquisition, The natural order, The monitor hypotheses, The input (comprehension) hypotheses, The affective filter (p. 8-39) to support second language acquisition, based on No am Chomskys first language acquisition theory. Further, Krashens fourth and fifth hypotheses states, student learning takes place when there is Comprehensible Input and Affective Filter (Wright p. 38). Simply put, students need understandable information in a low stress environment to learn effectively. This theory extends beyond the ELL student and crosses the classification boundaries for all learners, directly into my own classroom. Through classroom demonstration, Professor McGarry related the theory and the effects of learning a second language felt first hand. He demonstrated comprehensible input lessons including, imitation writing, the natural approach lesson with the story of El Gato and El Raton, SDAIE strategies, a TPR lesson in the Bahasa language, Just to name a few. Professor McGarry stands out in the cadre of professors as one who continually demonstrated best practice lessons for each class. One such best practice demonstration in class focused on the Total Physical Response (TPR) while also utilizing the Natural Approach. In this lesson, Professor McGarry demonstrated TPR when he taught the class eight words in Bahasa, the language of Indonesia. Understanding the words became a simple task through the TPR and Natural Approach strategies. While learning any new skill I feel an excitement and thrill in the acquisition of knowledge. The TPR method, employed by Professor McGarry, struck me significantly, of ELL students. Conversely, my stress at absorbing the foreign language in a short amount of time, revealed an insight into my students minds when their eyes glaze over with a blank expression as I speak in math language. The anxiety I felt at the bombardment of foreign vocabulary on my brain, quickly dissipated once l, along with my classmates, pantomimed the words as a group. In the group setting, I felt less fear of failure and less pressure about making a mistake. As I experienced these lessons, the Monitor Model became a reality for me and therefore will continue to impact my teaching. Understanding first hand, the stress that English language learners face, a stress that all students may feel in the classroom at some time, I have a new understanding of the block to learning that stress can present. According to MasloWs Hierarchy of Needs, a person must first have basic needs met, then safety, belonging, esteem and ultimately, self actualization in that order. Stress creates insecurity in the classroom, and for that moment places a student on the bottom tier of the pyramid, where he/ she, has not yet achieved security. TPR greatly reduced the stress I felt in the classroom, like learning to crawl before Jalan (walking). Utilizing TPR in the classroom will allow my students to retain a greater amount of information and feel less stress (and hopefully have some fun) while learning. As the Journey continued and my students affective filter lowered, Dr. Colin presented Critical Pedagogy, a theory based on the work, philosophy, the teachings and writings of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire. Freires interest in education as a vehicle to confront oppression helped bring about a following of people who promote the philosophy of critical pedagogy. Critical pedagogy, simply defined is a method of teaching (pedagogy) that strives to help students observe and learn using critical thinking approach especially as it concerns oppression of a people (Colin, 2012) . This theory of education and curriculum building adds meaningful input into the classroom instantaneously. Children, by design, are curious beings. When Friere spoke of being curious, later in life, of what death might be like, it struck a cord with me. I think that we, as teachers, have a responsibility to nurture the curiosity and allow and encourage our students to explore (Smith, 2002). As my educational Journey continued, the Sociocultural Theory, based on the work of Russian social psychologist, Lev Wgotsky, put all the pieces in perspective. He brought the role of culture, language and interpersonal interactions into psychology. He studied children at play and in the classroom. Major tenets of the theory include: Children construct their learning and build on their prior knowledge. Human development cannot be separate from the people we encounter and those who give s examples of how to be in the world, our social environment. Our lived experiences make a difference in our learning. Language plays a central role in mental development. Meaningful dialogue matters. Learning is social Language is central to cognition This takes place in the classroom through various SADAIE lessons and having an understanding of need to teach t he student how to learn. Zone of Proximal Development (ZoPed) o Help from a more competent other. knowledge Constructivism (constructs meaningful lessons and purposeful activities) o Active Learning (Ugotsky, 1978) Based on this theory, the larger picture is our business as teachers to create conditions for learning. Because, as Dr. Colin said, Teachers cannot transfer their brains into student (Colin, 2012) Teachers must scaffold the material meeting the student where they are and creating a path to discovery. Meeting a student where they are takes an understanding the students sociocultural context. First a teacher must know where the student is, in order to meet them there. I try to get to as many student functions as possible. This year, I have seen my students play football, olleyball, basketball, perform in the talent show and many other functions. I sit with parents and make small talk, Just to get to know the students frame of reference (Colin, 2012). Along similar lines of the Sociocultural Theory of Lev Wgotsky, ones definition of the purpose of education will be based on his/her sociocultural upbringing and the context of her own life. For this reason, the purpose of education is the shared viewpoint of all the stakeholders of a school. When the vision and purpose ofa school is shared and articulated and supported, the success of the school, teachers, tudents and community at large become a shared mission. Historically, education has been a tool to create an educated workforce, loyal patriots, or in the creation of Catholic schools, survival of the species (or more accurately the religion). Provenzo quotes Lawrence Cremin with the definition of education as, the deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to transmit, evoke or acquire knowledge, attitudes, values, skills or sensibilities, as well as any outcomes of that effort (Cremin 1976, 158) (p 30). The classroom teacher must be so much more than simply one who imparts knowledge to be digested and regurgitated. The role of the classroom teacher today has evolved to become part teacher, part therapist, peacemaker and mediator, technology coordinator, online communicator, curriculum planner, and ultimately a participant in the learning process of the student. When viewed in that manner, the role we fill as educators looms daunting when compared to the content students must know in order to make Adequate Yearly Progress and be at or proficient by grade level standards (Provenzo, 2010). The most pressing challenge to education today in the public school setting is, as my mother would say, to many cooks in the kitchen. Those who make the decisions that effect funding for public schools are not the same people who are doing the research in the field, nor are they on the ground or in the field to see the effects first hand. The growth numbers in the Accountability Progress Report set up by NCLB and those who decide these numbers, are simply a way to cheer for our failing schools. Schools celebrate the achievement when they obtain a growth number of 9, when its target number was 5. But, when the hard numbers are crunched, almost half of the students in the school may fall below the level of proficiency (California Department of Education). The reports and acronyms seem purposefully confusing so the real data of how many students fail is obscured. At the end of the day, schools important to speak to parents and community members in a language that they can understand. That students are the most important clients we have and it is their success or failure we are ultimately measured. The social agenda of lawmakers is a disadvantage to English Language Learners. Wright references, Bilingual education has been referred to as a 30 year experiment . (p. 53). Diverse languages have existed throughout the evolution of America as a ountry, yet the federal structure for the education of language learners has only subsisted for the past 30 years. Social complications have also existed throughout this evolution of our country with color (ethnic background) and language the most prominent of the impediments to unification and education. Sadly, language restrictions (education) were imposed most often for social control and not to help immigrants learn English (Wright, p. 55). Examples of such atrocities, cited by Wright, include, the establishment of English-only speaking Indian boarding schools, English roficiency as a requirement for naturalization and citizenship, and restrictions on the German language and Japanese language after World War I and II. When the social climate of the time influences language laws, the entire country losses a valuable resource. This resource, if cultivated, adds to the richness of our country as a whole, and exterminating the language by demanding English only detracts from an individuals human rights. The Funds of Knowledge Theory emerged in the early 1990s in education and derived from the sociocultural theory and constructivism based on the theories and teachings of Lev Wgotsky. Original Scholars from University of Arizona developed an approach to curriculum reform that was termed Funds of Knowledge. Funds of Knowledge states that it is important for teachers to know their students, their backgrounds, communities and the things they bring to the classrooms. This theory is the opposite of the banking model, children are not empty vessels to be filled, but already come with a wealth of knowledge to bring to the class (Gonz? ¤lez Amanti, 1992). There are many ways to implement Funds of Knowledge: coach at the school, home visits (time involved, consent), be part of community events, invite parents to he classroom, history of school, sit or play with them at lunch, create social environment, class socials, listening and dialogue, Go to church at the parish church (for Catholic educators) (Colin, 2012). Similar to the Sociocultural Theory, a teacher must know where the student is, in order to meet him/her there. So similar to the statement above, having this knowledge gives teachers the power to have a connection with their students, which allows the teacher to have a greater impact in teaching a student how to learn, instead of Just teaching content (Colin, 2012). Being part of a community comes more naturally in the Catholic School setting. Most Catholic schools are built around a parish and the community part comes naturally. This may be the reason for the incredibly high graduation rates and college acceptance and matriculation. Often, I reflect on the incredible luck, or the hand of God, as my mother would say, at guiding my life towards the positive enriching environment of Catholic school. Creating a community, or more accurately, a family in my classroom begins before the students ever set foot in the fifth grade. and call them by name. Over the summer, students create a Powerpoint resentation that includes a very simple recap of their summer. Students get up and present their summer activities to the class and through this I get a Jump on connecting with my students by learning about things that are important to them. Also, on Back to School Night, I combine all the slides and rotate them in a loop on the Active Board in the classroom. Parents come in and stand in awe of all the great pictures! Thus, another connection is made. Father Greg Boyle says, We create a kinship (Boyle, 2011). Creating kinship in the classroom brings about a connection and an understanding, instead of the division hat comes from thinking only of oneself. Although, as Catholic educators we teach respect and to love as Jesus loved, often many in our community remain ignored. In this way, it can be identified as null or hidden curriculum. This subject presents a sensitive topic in the Catholic school setting. Currently, teaching human development or sex ed is sensitive for all involved. Parents must sign a permission form to allow their children to participate in the class. When I teach this portion of the religion curriculum, I always take the time to discuss this part of sexuality and the tolerance of all human beings. Christianity is a unifying factor in my classroom, although it can also be classified as part of the diversity as well. Not all the students in my class are Catholic, and many belong to different Orthodox sects and/or various Christian churches. There are many ethnicities present in my classroom, although at first glance, the casual observer might mistake the racial make up of my class as predominantly African American. Students in my class have rich cultural backgrounds from Mexico, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Japan and different parts of America. I have coached multiple sports (but mostly volleyball and basketball) for many years. Recently, I began to coach for a private all girls middle school and high school in Brentwood. Over the past three years at this school, players I coached introduced me to their parents, sometimes their two dads or two moms, which also represents diversity beyond ethnic culture. Father Gregory Boyles call to kinship has made the focus of my classroom more about how we are alike and remain in each others Jurisdictions, rather than focusing on how we are different. In that same reference, kinship also arises from the understanding and acceptance of our differences. In this way, Freires definition f tolerance equals Boyles definition of kinship in my classroom, or at least as I aspire my classroom to be (Boyle, 2011). Technology can also represent an economic divide, which creates division once defined by train tracks in a town (Washington, 2011). Creating kinship, while meeting a student where she is, mandates we, as educators must find the common ground in which to begin. Print media is still around, but already obsolete. Newspapers, encyclopedias, magazines and books can all be accessed online. The super computer that occupied an entire floor of building is now held in the palm of a students hand, he cell phone. Technology in education is not the future. It is the now. If teachers are to meet students where they are, one will find them in front of a computer, a gaming system, texting on the phone or watching T. V. Meet the student there. The technology is no different. Earnest Hemingway is quoted as saying, It is good to have an end to Journey toward; but it is the Journey that matters, in the end. My Journey continues and the LMIJ CAST Program has been a significant part of that Journey. The theorists, professors, colleagues/classmates and textbooks have accompanied me on my journey. Although I leave the university, all the knowledge, compassion and kinship come with me. References Boyle, F. G. (2011). Tattoos on the heart: The power of boundless compassion. New York: Free Press. Colin, Dr. E. (2012, March 3, March 24, April ). Interview by C. ] Lennon. Class lecture. Chomsky, N. (2011). The noam chomsky website. Retrieved from http://www. chomsky. info/ Gonzalez, N. , Moll, L. , Amanti, C. (2005). Funds of knowledge: Theorizing practices in households, communities and classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Holly, M. L. , Arhar, J. , Kasten, W. C. (2004). Action research for teachers: Traveling the yellow brick road. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Krashen, S. (n. d. ). Monitor model. In M. Paul (Ed. ),Theories and Policies 2nd Language Acquisition Binder Oxnard: Unknown. McGarry, P. (2012, April 28). Interview by C. J. Lennon. Class lecture notes. Provenzo, E. F. J. (2010). The social frontier: A critical reader (history of schools schooling) . (Vol. 55). New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc. Smith, M. K. (1997, 2002) Paulo Freire and informal education, the encyclopedia of informal education. [http://infed. org/mobi/paulo- freire-dialogue-praxis-and- education. Retrieved: March 30, 2012] Wgotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. Mind in Society, Harvard University Press, 79-91. Retrieved from L. S. , V. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. Mind in Society, Harvard University Press, 79-91. Retrieved from http:// www. psy. cmu. edu/†siegler/vygotsky78. pdf Washington, J. (2011, January 1). For minorities, new digital divide seen. USA Today. Retrieved from http:// usatoday30. usatoday. com/tech/news/2011-01-10-minorities- online_n. htm Wright, W. (2010). Foundations for teaching english language learners: Research, theory, policy, and practice. Philadelphia: Caslon.

In the Long Tail

In the Long Tail In the Long Tail In the Long Tail By Maeve Maddox You experts in SEO out there will laugh, but I had never heard the expression in the long tail until I came across this sentence on a site devoted to that subject: Fresh and relevant content is becoming more and more important to SEO and establishing rankings, both for money terms and in the long tail. My immediate reaction was to ask myself if the writer had been reaching for the expression in the long run. But that sentence is followed by this: It may be easy to tell people [to generate fresh content on a daily basis], but in the long run, writing an article or blog post everyday [sic] can be tiring Clearly the writer is familiar with the expression in the long run, so what am I missing? According to PCMag.com, long tail is [t]he potential for online retailers to make more money than their bricks and mortar counterparts Theres even a book by Chris Anderson, editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine, called The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More (2006). Those of you who understand such things can go to the Wikipedia article for a more detailed explanation. Wikipedia Long Tail Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating Conjunctions25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)Charles's Pen and Jesus' Name

How to Build Word of Mouth

How to Build Word of Mouth As a new freelancer scrounging advice, â€Å"word of mouth† was a common response from the more experienced. If I wanted to increase my work and income, that’s what it was down to: Word of mouth. It drove me nuts. What was word of mouth and how could I get myself there? Build contacts.  Make it your job to know people. Attend events and book releases, join online forums, get in touch with editors via the staff-section of magazines. Contact websites and business that catch your interest. Where there’s opportunity, introduce yourself. Random conversations have led to year-long contacts (and referrals).   Just one example: An avid card player, I struck up a conversation with a friend about local Bridge clubs: They put me in touch with the editor of Great Bridge Links, and I’ve been on-board ever since. Be accessible.  People should always have access to your portfolio and have a way to reach you. Two birds with one stone is a well-designed website that strikes the right chords. You want professionalism and efficiency. Have at least writing samples, links and an about section on your official website. Expand your network further with other contactable profiles like Amazon Author Central or your own blog separately from your website. Spread your reach.  Now and then (I do it once a month), write something for free and send it somewhere meaningful: A guest post, magazine. This is only about expanding your reach: Introduce yourself to a new market, and make sure your website is updated when a prospective client types your details into Google. Ask.  Many referrals have come from simply asking happy clients to refer others. Other times, unsuccessful cold queries have resulted in a â€Å"we’ll be sure to pass your info on† that paid off later down the line. Gather testimonials.  In addition to referrals, ask clients for testimonials to go on your website. These are your references, and it shows that you can do the job. If you can grab a testimonial from a well-known client or author, so much better: Author Francois Bloemhof was more than happy to offer up a review for the NB Publishers anthology short story â€Å"Boelie† (Afrikaans for bully), and it’s just because I’d asked. Reputation is everything almost goes without saying.  Don’t burn bridges, don’t miss deadlines, don’t gossip or bitch about clients and colleagues – and yes, I’ve sadly seen this – stay accurate and stick to your work-ethic. Protect your reputation; it’s everything for word of mouth. People are going to talk about your work, and you want what they’re saying to be good. Reach out.  Sometimes you have to reach out first, or people will never hear about you! Getting people to know me (and get in touch later) involved a lot of cold calling – not just to magazines, but business who looked like they could use my services. Incentive is great for attracting word of mouth.  Use social media to launch a competition, offer a 15 percent discount for referred clients, put a short story up for download, host a course or start a newsletter; The bottom line is getting people to talk, share, interact and refer. Refer others.  Refer clients to other freelancers in your contacts library, too. Sometimes a job comes along that I might not have time for, and I’m happy to recommend a friend. This, of course, encourages them to refer others back to you. That, dear writer, is the cycle of word of mouth. Have you got people talking?

College Admission Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

College Admission Personal Statement - Essay Example Actually, my math teachers never strived to find out the root cause of my poor performance, rather they readily and ignorantly labeled me with ADD while constantly pressuring me psychologically due to which I earned the reputation of a good-for-nothing student, though I have always got straight A’s and B’s in other subjects. It all changed when I happened to take my first psychology class during which the stark reality of what I actually was meant to be hit me and forced me to change my opinion about myself. Then I realized that I had much to do in my life if only I was allowed to avail the opportunity for studying psychology in UA. I believe I can be a riveting asset as a student to UA because it has been years since I started designing strategies about how students can be encouraged to learn passionately and how wrong judgments and diagnosis made by teachers can horrendously influence the students psychologically who may have the capacity to perform well but their tal ents get marred by the personality-distorting critical

Visual arts and film studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visual arts and film studies - Essay Example On the board, was also an artist from Navajo nation. His name was Nataani which means son of Ogla Lakota. He is an activist and he tells stories depicting the everyday hardships of 21st Centuary.Though,he is inspiring his performance art in songs is political oriented. His songs play politics because it attacks the current leadership on how they have managed. It has highlighted some various social injustices such inequality, corruption and unfair representation. He has also involved fiction and exaggeration in narration in the music. This is to emphasize the magnitude of how people have been forgotten in America. There was also background from the real world and also imaginary which had unknown and alien logic of different temporal and special conditions to emphasize his political theme. The paintings reveal power of image, words, history and symbols to pass information. The images were used as communication tools in the native American history.There was also a common visual artist a nd rapper Witko who uses his music to shade some light on the common issues that affect his people. His artwork is politicized. He uses fine and performance art in his effort to pass the information. He insists on good virtue in his music and respect for one another in the society. Witko has a tattoo to represent fine art, a symbol which communicates louder even than the song for the people to have peace. This is to suggest an index of cultural memory such that various cultures and destinies and mission of the regions are represented by the symbol.

Philosophy, Interdisciplinary Teaching and Student Experience Essay

Philosophy, Interdisciplinary Teaching and Student Experience ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on novel approaches open to teachers of philosophy in particular, but more generally also to other university teachers, in the face of what Allan Bloom saw as the waning of a literary culture. It is argued that, although some of Bloom's suggestions regarding the successful engagement of students' interest-against overwhelming odds-are didactically valuable, he neglects precisely those avenues from which students could benefit most on the basis of their own experience in a world largely devoid of literary attachments but saturated with audiovisual ones. These options are explored in some detail from various perspectives, including the difference between a written and an audiovisual text, the philosophical-critical potential of rock music and the interdisciplinary value of a teaching model that has student experience as its point of departure. Does the ancient discipline of philosophy still have something of value to give to university students as we approach the millenium? In a world suffused by proliferating media-images and sounds, does a discipline whose insights are born of the interpenetration of thinking and language stand any chance of being heard amid the noise, or noticed in the headlong rush for greater global investment and development? I shall argue that it does, and that philosophy is, in fact, alive (perhaps dormant) in the most unexpected practices and activities, albeit not always easy to recognize, and although philosophers and teachers of philosophy face the sometimes difficult task of enlivening these philosophical sparks into a steady flame. My argument rests on the assumption that philosophy is not only an anc... .... Being and time. Tr. Macquarrie, J. & Robinson, E. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Kearney, R. 1988. The wake of imagination. London: Hutchinson. Kierkegaard, S. 1987. Either/or. Vol. 2.Tr. Hong, H.V. & Hong, E.H. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Lyotard, J-F. 1991. The inhuman: Reflections on time. Tr. Bennington, G. & Bowlby, R. Cambridge: Polity press. O'Neill, O. 1993. Kantian ethics. In: Singer, P.(Ed.) A companion to ethics. Oxford: Blackwell. Paglia, C. 1993. Rock as art. In: Sex, art, and American culture. London: Penguin Books. Pettit, P. 1993. Consequentialism. In: Singer, P. (Ed.) A companion to ethics. Oxford: Blackwell. Plato. 1974. Republic. Tr. Grube, G. M. A. In: Plato's Republic. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co. Romney, J. 1996. Kids, a gift to middle America. In: New Statesman & Society, Vol 9, 17 May, Issue 403, p35.

Enterprise-Level Strategic Uses of Technology At Baderman Islands

The advent of information technology and other technological products has lead to a more competitive market environment for different organization. In this regard, more and more companies and institutions are trying to invest on innovative and technology-specific products, and Baderman Islands is never an exemption. Accordingly, technological innovation for products and servers is known as integrated principle of technology and development to be able to meet current demands of the target market. In various ways, technological innovation is said to have specific use in enterprise-level of an organisation.The alignment of technology with the business strategy of the company is important. Primarily, the main goal of this paper is to determine the enterprise-level strategic use of technology at Baderman Islands. Overview of Baderman Islands Baderman Island is known as an independent, all inclusive resort destination with various features from hotels, restaurants, convention centre and ot her leisure activities that a tourist is looking for. It is an island resort community with vast essentialities to give innovative services to sustain their competitive advantage.The management of the company aims on providing quality tourisms services for their target market. In doing so, the company is pursuing technological innovations to be more distinctive and add to the entire experience of their target market. Enterprise-Level Strategic Use of Technology In order to sustain competitive position in the marketplace, the company has adapted technological innovation which specifically focuses on the Dolphin Boat by Innerspace Technology. The alignment of this technology has enterprise-strategic use for Baderman Island’ includes the following.The first strategic use of this technology is to meet and satisfy customer demands. Since tourists in this generation are seeking for an island retreat which provides business, leisure and other escapades and extraordinary experiences, the company considers technological alignment to provide the needs of the customer for an island-getaway. This technological innovation can help the company to provide distinctive and effective service provision. It is said that the successful and effective alignment of the company’ management, staff and technology, is important for attaining customer satisfaction.Such alignment begins with the purposeful alignments of the company’s operations employed by Baderman Island’s management (Johnston & Clarke, 2001). Another enterprise-level strategic use of technology with Baderman Islands is with regards to the enhancement of the management system of the company. By considering technologically innovated products such that of the Dolphin Boat, the company will be able to enhanced their differentiation strategy, and business strategy of the company which include the management skills and resources.In addition, the company will be able to improve their creative flair, product engineering, strong marketing abilities and strong capability in basic research. Furthermore, as part of the enhancement of management system of the company through the alignment of technology, their corporate reputation is also improving to attract more tourists in choosing their tourism services among other competitors (Nickols 2000). Such mentioned skills and capabilities brought by the alignment of technology and business strategy are very important for the company to retain or attract internal and external stakeholders.In addition, strategic alignment of technology and business strategy is associated with the satisfaction of the customers in a way that providing unique services mostly satisfy tourists or clients (Duffy & Ketchand, 2002). Another important enterprise-level strategic use of aligning technological innovation in Baderman is with regards to the improvement and of the service quality of their tourism services. The use of new technology can be able to guide th e company towards the expansion strategy of the company.Accordingly, the central attribute of technological innovation, specifically for the products and services provides by organizations like Baderman Island, is the interaction between the marketing management and the company itself. Things like labour intensiveness, high consumer contact are some of the mitigating features of the alignment of technological expansion and service quality alignment. Hence, technological innovation can provide sensual benefit for the company (Watt, 2007). Part of the business approach of the tourism service industries is their adherence to the context of service quality.Consequently, the context of service quality is considered as the outcome of the strategic alignment of new and technologically improved products and services and service delivery system (Ghobadian, Speller & Jones, 1994), specifically in the case of service industries like Baderman Island. By and large, the underlying principle of bu siness strategy and technological alignment aims to determine and provide the needs of the clients. Through this alignment, the company has been able to have a unifying theme which aligns their service provision, marketing strategy and management system to satisfy stakeholders.The alignment of the technology and business strategy has different enterprise-level strategic uses to sustain competitive advantage of the organization. It is said that the alignment of these aspects should see to it that the company would be consistent in providing high quality among their tourist clients. Reference Duffy, JA & Ketchund, AA 2002, â€Å"Examining the Role of Service Quality in Overall Service Satisfaction†, Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 240+. Ghobadian, A, Speller, S. and Jones, M. (1994). Service Quality: Concepts and Models.International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 11(9): 43-66. Johnston, R. & Clark, G. (2001). Service Operation Management. 1st Ed ition. London: Prentice Hall. Nickols, F 2000, Distance Consulting, viewed October 11, 2008 . Watt, P. (2007) â€Å"I Need People that are Happy, Always Smiling: Guest Interaction and Emotional Labour in a Canadian Downtown Hotel† Just Labour, Vol 10, Spring: 45-59 (http://www. justlabour. yorku. ca/volume10/pdfs/04WattPress. pdf) retrieve October 11, 2008 .

Gun Control And The Second Amendment - 1179 Words

The United States of America is one of the very few countries in the world that allows their citizens to bear arms. The right to bear arms traces back all the way to the times of the 13 colonies. The Second Amendment has been up for many debates, especially in the recent light of mass shootings in the US. But does the entire removal and ban of firearms really work? Gun control and the second amendment has been a never ending conflict between politicians. As we look further into gun control there are more draw backs for the citizens than benefits. The Second Amendment was ratified to the US Constitution on December 17, 1791 by Congress. The Second Amendment states â€Å"A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. The Second Amendment draws its influence and roots back to the English Bill of Rights of 1689. The English Bill of Rights was established to give an individual a natural right of self-defense. The English Bill was born in order to resolve two major conflicts. One of the two issue during the time of English politics, was the power the King of England had, in which he could govern the country and empire without the permission of Parliaments. The Second Issue was the powerful influence and role of the Catholics. King James II of England had stripped its citizens mainly Protestants the right to bear arms. King James II also wanted to keep a permanent army. The bill would beShow MoreRelatedGun Control And The Second Amendment1391 Words   |  6 Pages In the Constitution, the second amendment gives the American people to have the right to possess and bear arms. This amendment has been the most controversial issue since guns have been around. Issues such as gun control and gun ownership have remained a matter of debate and have been floating around in Congress. It has been rumored that Congress is forced to draft certain legislation in order to come up with a law against unlawful use of arms, and only owning them for safety purposes. When it comesRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe second amendment has always been deeply rooted in the American culture and constitution. The amendment states A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Being able to protect ourselves, gives us Americans a peace of mind, but now-a-days people are thinking otherwise. Being able to access a firearm so easily without a thorough deep background/mental health check is un-nerving. In the last twoRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment1166 Words   |  5 Pagesterrible about the Second Amendment; because pro-gun zealots use the Second Amendment to protect their immoral actions, but this is their twisted and corrupted interpretation on the meaning and intent of the Amendment because this is in no way the original premise of the Second Amendment. The right to bear arms laid out in the Second Amendment is just because guns are weapons for self-defense. Precautions are taken on gun control, such as keeping a permanent record of all gun sales, requiring a licenseRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesGuns, Guns, Guns. In today’s news Gun Control, has become a controversial topic. I have heard many people say that, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people†. So, do we need gun control? People talk because they have mouths, they don’t know the extent about gun violence. About half of the country’s population is for / against gun control. Consistently, the media outlets are reporting shootings, that is accidental or intentional whichever way it is trending across the United States. Stronger gunRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment994 Words   |  4 Pagescrimes take place every second and there is nothing we can do about it. Not only that, but, with the dramatic rise in mass shootings in our nation comes a compelling division between political and legal agendas predicated on the Second Amendment. I want to emphasize that every single crime is violent whether is involves a handgun, knife or nothing at all. Everyone in our nation knows the law and it is the offenders choices to break it and harm others. With that being said, guns dont kill people, butRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment1850 Words   |  8 PagesWhenever the Second Amendment is discussed, gun control is usually the focus of the discussion due to the connections that gun control and the Second Amendment have. Although the Second Amendment protects the individual right to firearms, the unlimited right is not. America was founded through guns, using their own arms to fight the British in order to gain independence, making it natural for America to be heavily focused on guns. However, many people have abused the wea pon, making the controversialRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment Essay1981 Words   |  8 Pages Gun Control has been a controversy for as long as people can remember. This Controversy has increased recently due to the mass shootings taken place all over the United States. Gun control has its pros and cons, Some believe â€Å"Gun control laws state that the Second Amendment was intended for militias; that gun violence would be reduced; that gun restrictions have always existed; and that a majority of Americans, including gun owners, support new gun restrictions.†While others say that the SecondRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment922 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a long debate to determine if it’s better to have stricter access to firearms. America is one of the few countries that has gun rights embedded in their constitution. But what makes the US exceptional is that it has the right to keep and bear arms, other countries do not provide the right to have access to them, but rather, the government is allowed to regulate its use. The right to b ear arms has also been the cause of growing violence and crime, at least according to anti-gunRead MoreGun Control and the Second Amendment2364 Words   |  10 PagesThe Second Amendment to the Constitution says, â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed† (Agresti, 2009, para. 2). Based on a simple reading of this, it would seem that people do have the right to own and use firearms. So why are so many people trying to ban guns? Maybe it is because they do not understand what the Second Amendment actually means. Maybe it is because the media only reportsRead MoreThe Second Amendment And Gun Control928 Words   |  4 Pagesothers’ view of our own person are sometimes just as or more important. In reference to the Second Amendment and gun control, the author, Saul Cornell, makes a case for how sometimes every group can think they are the ones in the right, but at the same time, every group can ultimately be in the wrong. It is important to think of not just right or wrong and the rights given to citizens by the Second Amendment to the Constitution, but to think back deeper into history as well and what helped to found

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The Inclusiveness Of The Place Dimension - 1587 Words

3.4. Discussion (the inclusiveness of the Place dimension): A tension has always existed in architectural theories between art, social, and rational notions. The inception of the Bauhaus based mainly on the notion of unifying all the aspects of art under the wing of architecture. This art-driven perspective derived architectural practice to the creation of the international style. Modernism was founded on the unity, the whole, and the progress of humanity, as in Marxism. This was done regardless of the sensibility of social and environmental needs on the local scale. It lost any continuation with the existing social and constructed values. Socially and contextually correspondent architecture were the main driving forces behind the revolute architectural theories that substituted modernism. Art always persists along architectural movements, either as the main driving force or as a guaranteed consequent that is achieved in the background, as is the case for the rational perspective. In the foreground or the background, it comes with different f lavors that is affected with or affects the principles of these theories. This existential property of art can be deducted by reviewing the aforementioned architectural theories. The different relations between the art, social, and rational motives would be comprehended better after discovering more urban dimensions by the end of the coming chapter. The aforementioned different types of places exhausted a fair amount of known placeShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Bc Hydro s Diversity And Inclusiveness Strategy1245 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity Initiatives The foremost step of BC Hydro was all about developing a strategy to advance the workplace diversity and inclusiveness based on leading research. 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E-Retail Industry †The Uk Internet Grocery Market Free Essays

This study aims to understand the competitive environment of some of the main retailers within the UK market and to demonstrate the different elements of the e-environment that impact on the retailer’s business and marketing strategy. Furthermore this study will assess the impact of many factors and constraints surrounding the e-retail industry and specifically the grocery sector of the retail industry. It is known globally that the UK has the most developed grocery e-tailing sector in the world and that is increasingly appearing specially after the failure of many business models which have adopted the internet for distributing and selling there products This study will exclude B2B sector and will focus on B2C sector in the retail market I will be focusing on the online grocery market and the main British players leading this market. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Retail Industry – The Uk Internet Grocery Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have selected this industry because recently, it has caused a noise globally, and many interested people are wondering whether this industry has reached the mature level or it is still growing or it is only a noise which will lose its importance later. The UK Grocery Market it is estimated that à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½105 billion of groceries are sold in Britain each year, (MINTEL Nov, 2002) , that shows a noticeable increase in sales over the period since 1999 until the end of 2002. The Total retail sales through specialist and non-specialist food retailers were worth some à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½90 billion in 1999 and many specialists predict this market to continue growing to reach 120 billion by 2005 (MINTEL, Nov. 2000) Within the food market itself, fruit and vegetables represent the largest market, with high demand within the sector for fresh produce. Convenience foods – fresh and frozen ready meals – are also highly demanded, as are products which generally fit well with the needs of the much maligned ‘cash rich and time poor’ consumer. Key debates within the market surround the use of genetically modified (GM) produce, and this has helped to create niches in the retail market for suppliers of GM-free or organic ranges. The major supermarkets have been moving quickly into the organic sector, in which higher margins can be found. (Key Note) The UK grocery market is driven by economic factors, population structures, household size employment pattern and lifestyle patterns whose impact is shown below as macroeconomic factors: Economic factors – Although consumer expenditure is predicted to continue to grow by 12.6% to 2004, with personal disposable income expected to also grow steadily, it is unlikely that this will impact strongly on spending on food for in-home expenditure; As personal wealth has grown, spending on food has decreased as a proportion of total expenditure, with leisure activities, including eating out, taking most of the surplus. Some premium categories of food, such as organic produce, will benefit. As a result the focus of promotional strategy is moving away from price competitiveness towards other aspects of the retail offer. The population structure – Food expenditure and the overall market size is directly related to the size of the population but the long-term outlook for the British population is for very low growth, implying that the food retailing sector is likely to find domestic profits hard to grow. Household structure – Over the period 1999-2004, an increase of 830,000 (3.4%) (MINTEL, Nov 2000) household is anticipated. This is due to factors other than an increase in population; the growth is coming from one- and two-person households, due to rising divorce and separation rates, getting married later or not at all and the elderly living longer These trends disrupt the economic logic of the superstore model which is designed to offer large families convenient means to buy large volumes of food in one place, relatively infrequently, during the daytime, and to transport that shopping home by private car. Yet only 20% of adults have children under 16 living at home with them. All the major grocery retailers are competing to grow their share of this crucial segment of the population. Smaller households equate to more frequent shops for a few items at a time, often at unsociable hours, a considerably more expensive retailing proposition. Changing employment patterns and practices, with increasing frequency of part-time working, mean there are fewer families in which one partner has the time to shop at relative leisure during the day, and more for whom shopping is a shared duty, carried out whenever busy schedules will allow. In turn, time-pressured shoppers will often want to use a variety of shopping patterns according to circumstance, with retailers being required to offer more channels to market in order to compete. This cannot be done without cost implications. Changes in consumer tastes and lifestyles have an influence on grocery demand patterns. Healthy-food fashions and food-safety scares cause people to change what they eat, while there is a strong trend towards snacking and convenience eating – which involves an increasing proportion of food being bought through channels other than grocery retailers.(MINTEL) Internet adoption in the UK retail Sector Retailers generally begin on-line activities by providing information and interactive communication. Their site may develop into an electronic shop almost mirroring their offline activities A study by the department of trade and industry (DTI) called, ‘E-Commerce Impact Study: Retail Overview’ (www.dti.gov.uk 29 July 2002) shows that: More than 75% of retailers are adopting e-business technologies, Nearly a quarter of retailers surveyed, and more than 56% of micro firms in the convenience store sector, have not thought about the benefits of the e-commerce. This report provides a detailed look at a number of key retail sector, and shows how UK retailers are getting to grip with e-commerce and that modern technologies are helping to change the way they do business. The report mentioned that: – 77% of companies are adopting e-commerce technologies – 71% of businesses use external e-mail – 53% of firms have a website More British food shoppers have converted to online grocery shopping than in any other country. However, Internet sales still represent a tiny, although growing, percentage of the overall UK grocery market. Most people use the Internet as a way of gathering information on products and making price comparisons before visiting their local store.(Key Note) Despite these statistics are showing quite positive numbers, some experts and specialists state that this field needs further research to determine the extent to which the web is likely to promote long term changes in the retail sector . Table 1 A classification of online retail activit 1 Food and consumables: Grocery, including supermarkets and hyper-markets 2 Convenience stores 3 Specialists food retailers, e.g. bakers and confectioners 4 Alcohol retailers, including off-licences 5 Clothing and accessories: Clothing retailers, including female, male and children 6 Footwear retailers, including fashion and work wear 7 Jewellery retailers, including accessories 8 Home: Furnishings retailers, including hard and soft furnishings and Textiles 9 Electrical goods, including brown and white goods and Computers 10 DIY, including gardening 11 Leisure and entertainment: Sports retailers, including sportswear and equipment 12 Toys retailers, including games, hobbies and crafts 13 Books, music, stationery and video retailers 14 News, including newsagents and CTNs 15 Health and beauty: Health and beauty, including chemists and opticians 16 Home shopping: Home shopping, including catalogues and mail order Directories 17 Mixed stores: Mixed stores, including department stores and variety retailers Source N.F. Doherty, F. Ellis-Chadwick and C.A. Hart. 1999 .Cyber retailing in the UK: the potential of the Internet as a retail channel Online Grocery UK Market In the UK online market there are four main grocery retailers dominating the market those are (Tesco, J Sainsbury, Asda, and Iceland.co.uk) According to the researchers the UK leads the world in online grocery shopping. â€Å"Chains like Tesco and Iceland have been much faster than their US counterparts in exploiting the immense potential of new virtual shopping markets.† They estimate that the online grocery market is already worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200m a year and will reach à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1bn within two years.(Guardian Friday February 4, 2000 ) The online grocery market is characterised by many of the features of the traditional grocery market. Big supermarkets have woken up to the Internet as a distribution channel and are gearing up to dominate the market. Smaller suppliers, using the Web as another side of their portfolio, are sure to lose out in this area. Smaller niche suppliers make up a large element of the market in terms of numbers of firms. In fact, there are so many companies, many of which operate on a very local delivery basis, that it is almost impossible to calculate their actual number. MARKET SIZE Online shopping grew 19 times faster than traditional brick-and-mortar retailing in December 2002, and increased a further five percent in January 2003 to represent six percent of all UK retail .(www.nua.com) Various reported predictions suggest the online grocery market will be worth around up to 10 % of 120 billion which is the predicted grocery market size by 2005 (MINTEL Nov, 2000) The current size of the UK online grocery market has been estimated to be worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.2bn. (Key Note 2001), while Tesco reported 446 million sales during 2003. Sainsbury’s the second market leader announced annual sales of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½110 million during 2002 (MINTEL Mar 2003) More than half the UK population will have bought something online by the end of 2003. Online shopping will represent 7% of all retail sales in the UK, accounting for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 billion a month.(MINTEL Apr 2003) The total size of the UK grocery market has been estimated at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100bn per year. To support the market, the UK has 5.9 million online shoppers, growing to a predicted 8.5 million over the next 5 years à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500m of turnover, that suggests that average spending per user in 2000 was in the region of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½83 per head, suggesting that the Majority of users are not regular consumers of online services.(Key Note) Market size is difficult to determine, as figures for turnover from Internet sales are often included in total sales figures. Companies that are struggling to perform in the market may be taking a rather flexible view in how they present figures that may disappoint shareholders. However, Key Note’s assessment is that the size of the true online market is currently à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½465m (lower than many estimates suggest). Within this, Tesco claims 64.5% of the market, Sainsbury’s 9%, ASDA 7.5%, Iceland 4.7%, , with the balance held by a range of independents, small suppliers and niche companies. Table:2 The UK Online Grocery Market by Online Sales by Supermarket (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½m and %), 2000 Online Sales (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½m) % of Total Tesco 300 64.5 J Sainsbury 42 9.0 ASDA Wal-Mart 35 7.5 Iceland.co.uk 22 4.7 Others 66 14.2 Total 465 100.0 Source: Key Note Macro Environment To understand the macro-environment a technique called a PEST (Political, Economical, Socio-cultural, and Technological) analysis is usually undertaken. The PEST analysis identifies all external factors that affect the way a business can operate. What follows is a PEST for the E-grocery industry PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL FACTORS The UK government sets itself as the target of making the UK the world’s best place for e-commerce by developing public internet access and e-commerce awareness among UK businesses To trade in the UK there are 40 different laws that a company may be subject to (chaffey) Stephen Timms, e-commerce Minister, said: â€Å"The UK’s retailers are making progress in adopting e-commerce and developing e-business solutions. But there clearly is room for improvement, and we cannot afford to be complacent. â€Å"E-business technologies offer a wealth of benefits. In order to exploit these we must help create the right culture throughout the business community so that UK firms of all sizes can seize the competitive advantage. â€Å"UK online for business is leading the way in getting business online, and the Government’s aim to make the UK the best place in the world for e-commerce.†( http://www.gnn.gov.uk) The first Annual Report on the strategy was launched in September 2000. The UK strategy for online development is laid down in the UK Online Action Plan, which details 94 recommendations for action in 25 areas of priority. One specific goal is to develop the UK as the world’s best environment for electronic trading by 2002. This, it is stated, will be achieved in four specific ways: * Encouraging competition in Internet access markets * Establishing a new regulatory framework for converging telecommunications and broadcasting markets * removing regulatory obstacles to electronic ways of working * Co-operating with international partners to develop a ‘global framework for e-commerce’. Oftel (Office of Telecommunications) is one of the tools for achieving this strategy, and, as such, has been charged with driving competition in the areas of dial-up access and delivering high-speed access routes to the Internet , specifically the encouragement of adoption of Broadband technology, and NPD (new product development) in the mobile-phone and fixed-wireless markets. Government strategy is to put as many UK consumers as possible online. Those responsible for driving this strategy are aware of consumer concerns about the Internet that must be addressed if the Government’s objective is to be secured.(Key Note) ECONOMICAL FACTORS The innovation in information technology (IT) and new business practices facilitated by IT are forming a â€Å"new† economy, Electronic commerce and the IT innovations fuelling it are supposed to be fundamentally changing the logics of business practice, forming new social realities, and new business models. Traditional â€Å"old economy† firms and organizations are busy building bridges to the new economy. A stable rate of economic growth is one way in which the Government hopes to guarantee macro-economic stability, which can assist firms when assessing the risks associated with innovative practices. This, combined with the factors outlined below, has an influential effect on the rate of growth of the online grocery market. Low Cost of Internet Access One of the main drivers encouraging the use of Internet access and e-grocery in the UK is the relatively low cost of time spent online. The UK is the cheapest off-peak location in the world from which to surf the Internet, peak rates have has been dropped. This advantageous position benefits consumers, and the state of competition within the market is strong, with a large number of good quality Internet service providers (ISPs) available and eager to serve the public demand. Levels of Disposable Income The greater the levels of PDI consumers have, the more likely they are to be tempted towards higher margin products. Such high-margin products can make the difference between a profitable online transaction and a loss-making one. Table: 3 Index of Personal Disposable Income (1995=100 and %), 1995-2001 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Disposable Income index 100 106 113 116 122 127 132 % change Year-on-year – 6.0 6.6 2.7 5.2 4.1 3.9 Source:National Statistics Table 3 shows that levels of disposable income are rising, and have risen by 32% since 1995. The indications are that the upward trend will continue to apply, suggesting that this economic indicator will contribute to growth within the market in the short term. Rate of Change of Prices The change of prices gives a good sign of the stability of the economy. The UK has a low rate of inflation, and this is confirmed by an assessment of the RPI in Table 4 Table 4: Retail Price Index for All Items and Food(1995 =100 and %), 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 RPI (all items) 149.1 152.7 157.7 162.9 165.4 170.0 % change Year-on-year _ 2.4 3.3 3.3 1.5 2.8 RPI (food) 151.4 154.9 160.5 166.5 169.4 175.2 % change Year-on-year – 2.3 3.6 3.7 1.7 3.4 RPI – retail price index Source: National Statistics It can be seen from Table: 4 that the rate of change in the price of food between 1995 and 2000 has been roughly in line with the general rate of change in the RPI. Similarly European Currency and Simplification O European Trading Laws The advance of the European currency and the simplification of European trading laws will mean that Consumers will find it increasingly easy to trade with European retailers. The Internet offers International retailers a great opportunity to attack the UK marketplace. British shoppers are already prepared to go Euro to get what they want online. â€Å"Big brand names are in the best position to immediately exploit e-commerce but if they don’t start moving soon the threat from foreign competition is real.† (Jolanta Pilecka, E-commerce Marketing Manager, Hewlett-Packard). In future a number of important factors might affect the economic state of the UK and inevitably supermarkets. The first is the possible introduction of the Euro. The Euro has been introduced in various European countries, but most notably France. The introduction of the Euro in France has pushed up weekly shopping bills for the average French household by 10 per cent. Could the same be expected to happen in Britain should the Euro SOCIAL FACTORS To know the barriers to consumer online purchasing adoption it is useful to understand the different factors that affect the level of internet access. Value proposition ease, Security and fear of unknown are the main factors affecting the internet adoption (Chaffey) Over the period July to September 2002 an estimated 11.4 million households in the UK could access the internet from home, that amount 46 percent of all households. This is over twice the number three years earlier and is an increase of 7 percent from 39 percent reported in the third quarter of 2001. (www.nua.com ) Evidence suggests that household formation will continue to grow, but that the profile of home size as mentioned at the first of this paper will stay strongly biased towards homes with one or two people. Table 5: Changing Household Numbers in the UK (million and %), 2000 and 2005 2000 2005 Million % of Total Million % of Total One person 7.3 29.1 8.0 31.1 Two persons 8.9 35.5 9.0 35.0 Three persons 3.7 14.7 3.5 13.6 Four persons 3.5 13.9 3.5 13.6 Five or more persons 1.7 6.8 1.7 6.6 All households 25.1 100.0 25.7 100.0 Source:National Statistics An estimated 62 %of adult in the Great Britain have accessed the internet some time according to figures from the October 2002 national omnibus survey. This is equivalent to approximately 28.6 million adults in Britain having accessed the internet. In the month prior to the survey 52 per cent of adults had accessed the internet. Differences between the countries and regions of the UK Levels of access vary greatly between different parts of the UK. In October 2001 to September 2002 the proportion of households with access was lowest in Northern Ireland (30%), Wales (31%) and the West midlands (34%). It is noticeable that the proportions were highest in the East of England (52%), London (50%) and the South East (50%) were around half of households had access to the internet. Table:6 Households with home access to the Internet by Government Office Region UK country: October 2000 to September 2001 and October 2001 to September 2002 Oct 2000 Oct 2001 to to Sep 2001 Sep 2002 Per cent North East 26 36 North West 35 41 Yorkshire and the Humber 32 39 East Midlands 40 46 West Midlands 35 34 East 40 52 London 46 50 South East 46 50 South West 38 41 England 39 44 Wales 27 31 Scotland 30 40 Northern Ireland 26 30 United Kingdom 37 43 Source: national statistics According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (www.itu.int ) it is shown that in the UK 36.62 per 100 own a PC Table 7: Internet Estimated PCs Hosts total 2002 Hosts per 10`000 inhab. 2002 Users (k) 2002 Users per 10`000 inhab. 2002 Total (k) 2002 Per100 Inhab. 2002 2`865`930 485.03 24`000.0 4`061.74 22,00 36.62 table 7 , shows that a large proportion of the UK population own a PC that makes accessing the internet easer than going to the work place or other places Legal and ethical concerns It is argued that people do not change as quickly as may be believed. They still do not like parting with personal details, especially to those that they do not trust. Firms that request data from consumers need to make supplying information optional and allow users to change and delete the information provided. Crucially, they need to convince consumers that they will treat all information confidentially. Firms that are recognised as ‘good citizens’ and with a high reputation in this regard are well placed to ease the anxieties of consumers scared of fraudulent use of details. Smaller companies with an Internet-only presence will find it hard to build up this trust. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS E-retailing can be seen as an innovation in retailing that in turn is built around a technological innovation Many reports have summarized technological problems as: The complexity of the user interface bandwidth restrictions and access connection speeds and security concerns A wide range of new technologies have enabled companies to create better and more efficient relationships with consumers as e-retailers: – provide more information in the pre-shop experience; – increase the number of access points to meet customers needs; – offer a wider choice of products than can be held in-store; and, – improve the overall service provision, for example through better stock management. www.gnn.gov.uk Technological breakthroughs are some of the key drivers in building the right conditions for online grocery to thrive. The main technological factors influencing the market include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The expansion of broadband Internet à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The introduction and growth of DTV (digital television) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ M-commerce (mobile-commerce) and WAP (wireless application protocol) phones à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Automated reordering systems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Systems offering defence against fraud à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Automated customer service. (Key Note 2001) Broadband Internet One of the problems many consumers have when dealing with the Internet is the speed of access. Many consumers connect using 56K modems, although the majority never achieve this speed, perhaps because they live a great distance from the central phone-exchange routes or because their phone lines are too old. Broadband connections can alleviate this problem. Broadband connections come in two basic types: digital subscriber line connections (DSL) and cable modem connections In the first quarter of 2001, the number of DSL lines grew by 90% in the UK This market is likely to experience high growth in the coming years.(www.itu.int) Digital Television Advancements in television are running parallel to other Internet-enabled technologies 4.4 million households had DTV in 2000, and the figure is now probably in excess of 5 million. Not all DTV services are fully Internet-enabled, but there are plans to achieve this. The growth rate in subscription to DTV services is believed to be higher than the rate of new subscribers to ISPs. It has been suggested that more than 45% of homes will have digital satellite TV by 2008 (generating revenues for the communications companies of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.4bn per year). One of the major barriers to e-grocers is the high costs charged to the suppliers by the DTV companies. Tesco reported to have found Open Digital’s charges too expensive to make a venture worthwhile, however, the majority of the large supermarkets are signing up to the service may have very severe consequences in the long term. M-Commerce and WAP Phones M-commerce for all markets in Europe is forecast to reach levels of around $38bn by 2004.(Key Note) with over half of European companies planning to offer some form of service via mobile phones (particularly in the banking and service sectors). Major multiples are increasingly active in the service sector, and their online successes in other areas could well spill over into m-commerce activities, Mobile communications company Ericsson has estimated that, by 2004, there will be more than 600 million people using mobile Internet services in Europe. In 2000, the market for subscriptions to mobile-phone services grew by 67% and by 84% in 2002 .(www.itu.int ) However, WAP phones, currently the only method of accessing Internet via a mobile, have been relatively slow to catch on in Europe and make up only 15% of overall handset sales globally. Automated Re-ordering Systems All the technologies so far discussed require a conscious effort on the behalf of the consumer. In the future, it is possible that automated re-ordering systems will mean that the retailer is automatically notified when products are being used up within the home and need replenishing. There are two enabling technologies currently under development that may make this less fictional and more everyday. Vendor managed inventory (VMI) is one of these technologies. Another enabling technology in the same area is radio frequency identification technology, also known as RFID. This improves on VMI by using radio waves to scan all products in the fridge at any one time. Those kinds of technologies build and grow up the relationship between the consumer and the supplier learns more about the consumer behaviour to satisfy his demand Also they can create a competitive advantage for the business Systems Offering Defence Against Fraud Concern over fraud continues to scare many consumers away from using the Internet as a route for purchasing items and services. Credit-card companies are already making changes to their services to ease these concerns, but longer-term solutions may be found in encryption technology. Technology is being developed that adds digital signatures to a purchaser’s Web browser which may help fight fraud. Such services can only be developed and provided by strategic partnerships between online retailers and Web security corporations such as Inktomi, Ariba, Broadvision, Vignette and Verisign (all leaders in secure-payment processing solutions). INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT Porter’s 5 forces analysis Michael Porter’s five forces is The model that widely used for competition analysis in business strategy formulation, states that an organisation exists within an industry. To succeed it must deal with the competitive forces that exist within that industry: (1) Entry of new competition. (2) Threat of substitute products. (3) Bargaining power of buyers. (4) Bargaining power of suppliers. (5) Rivalry amongst existing competitors. THE GROCERY E-TAILING MARRET As an industry in the early stages of its life cycle, the online grocery market is currently very fragmented, with a growing number of competitors. The reasons for this fragmentation lie in several factors: relatively low entry barriers, high transportation costs, the perish ability of grocery items, nontradable goods and services industry, and the ability to specialize in geographic regions and reap the benefits of economies of scale. Much like traditional bricks-and-mortar supermarkets, online grocers are highly localized except for a few that operate nationally or internationally by delivering only non-perishable goods. (Success factors) Barrier to entry Compared to building traditional supermarkets, the barriers to entry in the online grocery market are relatively low, since most online grocers are localized. Set-up costs include establishing the computer system, creating logistics and warehousing capabilities, building brand awareness, and having the necessary alliances with local grocers in place. Many online grocers have already established partnerships or alliances. Entry into the industry is currently relatively easy, because no one has inherent advantages. Innovation and competitive moves, which can be easily replicated, have not prevented new firms or substitutes from entering the market. However, entry barriers may rise in the future as consolidation likely occurs. Market such as groceries, barriers must be built on differentiation through brand recognition by achieving superior customer service and responsiveness. One attraction for the recent surge of Internet startups in the grocery business is that online grocers require less capital and have lower variable costs than bricks-and-mortar stores. Fixed costs are high, but the potential for big returns is great if a large sales volume can be generated. Exit barriers can be moderate to high, depending on the amount invested in logistics and warehousing, the Web site, computer systems, and marketing. PPOWER OF SUPPLIERS Retailers have high bargaining power when they purchase a large volume of goods from their suppliers. Unlike huge supermarket chains, the smaller online grocers typically possess a lower level of bargaining power than their suppliers. But traditional grocers that decide to branch out onto the Net have the advantage in this regard, buying in bulk and enjoying established relationships with suppliers and customers. This allows them to price their goods competitively, deterring new entrants or forcing inefficient incumbents out. POWER OF BUYERS The bargaining power of buyers or consumers is very high in this industry. With many substitutes and competitors to choose from, dissatisfied customers can simply switch to a competitor. Groceries are commodities, so consumers can be sure to purchase the exact same products elsewhere. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS The threat of substitutes is undoubtedly high for two reasons: Firstly, the products and services offered online to customers are extremely similar. So similar in fact that supermarket’ often have to lower their prices to give them more appeal. Secondly although there is a certain degree of brand loyalty, it can’t be relied on, as customer loyalties tend to change when they find they can obtain better value for money elsewhere. E-grocers understand that the threat of substitutes is high, and this then is the main reason for supermarkets branching out and pursuing a broader product line, as a means of calming the intense competition with their competitors. However, in pursuing broader product line grocers open themselves up for further competition from experienced players in other non food retail markets. RIVALRY AMONGST EXISTING COMPETITORS Competitors will do everything in their power to increase their market share. Supermarkets also have high fixed costs due to the sheer number of stores they have open. They must make a sufficient amount of sales to cover their costs and generate profit. As discussed earlier there are a variety of substitute products and services that are becoming increasingly difficult to differentiate thus custom is very much determined by price. This situation is further aggravated because switching costs are difficult to impose, as food is an everyday necessity, many customers will happily forget any loyalties if they really need to obtain it. Conclusion The environment in the online grocery industry is growing more and more competitive as new firms continue to enter. Grocers which established its online purchasing site first is gaining the benefits of the first-mover advantages such as Tesco.com E-grocery has become a considerable industry sector each main player in this industry is trying to create a competitive advantage to attract more numbers of spoiled customers trying to satisfy there demands. The UK e-environment is one of the best e-environments globally that ease the entrance to this industry and generate the potential for more and more customers to buy grocery on line. This industry sector is a quite new industry that makes the flow of information about its success and pitfall factors relatively not enough to know every factor influences this industry We can’t say that e-grocery sector has reached the mature level since there are more and more numbers of customers and rivals are entering this sector. How to cite E-Retail Industry – The Uk Internet Grocery Market, Papers